The Power of X to unlock Family Mysteries (Martin Hayden)

ok ladies and gentlemen we are ready to proceed with our next speaker and it gives me great pleasure to introduce Martin Haven to you mark will be talking to us about the power of the X chromosome and he is from County Kildare he's from the border of Kildare nation Carlo in a place called Castle German and 14 of his 16 that great great grandparents are from Castle Germany so if you put Orkney into a juicer you'd get the purest form of Castle German - nein no not recommend this just an observation so what is a member of ISIL the Irish genealogical research society and the Irish made of a record society but he works by day as a principal analyst and modeler for transport to London but his knife job is sitting in front of his computer and dabbling with genetic genealogy there's no better person to talk to us about the power of the X chromosome please give him a warm welcome well firstly I'd just like to say thank you very much to marason for inviting me to come and speak today and I have to say this is the first time I've spoken at a genealogy conference so hopefully all goes well but I just thought I'd give a little bit of an overview of what we're going to look at and then a little bit just about me is my first time up so I'm going to do a little bit of an overview on the DNA so before I get into the X chromosome and I will I know it's been touched in other lectures but I will touch a little bit on autosomal on Y and on mitochondrial and I'll talk about the importance of DNA testing and tradition of genealogy because they don't exist in isolation we need both the paper records and and the other type of records to work alongside the DNA and Martha's previous talk evidence of of how that can come together and I'll introduce the X chromosome I will give a talked a little bit about the inheritance patterns of X which are quite different and exit being neglected quite a lot so I think it's quite nice to focus a little bit on X and then DNA tests that facilitate crawl X chromosome analysis and I worked example of discovery so I do have a tree in here the names have all been changed to make an anonymous foot it is a real situation but I have to protect identities and that because an adoption and that involved in it so it's only it's only fair to change it and a little bit about making DNA work for you and I conclude to conclusion so me I'm from parish of castle Dermot had come from 20 miles outside to village my parents are farmers and currently living and working in England and I was interested in genealogy from a teenager I was lucky enough to remember my grandparents who passed away mostly via teas in the 90s so when I was a child they were able to tell me about the First World War and when they were children hello in the Second World War so I had first-hand experience of what life is like in 1910 1912 my grandfather even told me that he's one of his earliest memories was the sinking of the Lusitania that was in 1915 and when it was under papers and stuff like that so it got me interested in history and in school I did both I was leaving certificate search history and I did biology as well so the history and the biology coming together was a good a good way of doing genetic genealogy and I did my first DNA test in January 2017 and now I've tested with everything and transferred it to my heritage and tested over 20 members and I've done quite a few big white tests of mitochondrial tests as well and I like to advocate for genealogy and for those that might be seeing this on the web that's why I don't kind so it's carry on I run I run a project a small project contrast environment DNA connections it's got 68 members now since that was put up and a pow 20% of them are my family essentially and then the rest are other people that I've got through writing certain people's trees and if I find people and Family Tree DNA I have got an ancestor in castle diamond or whatever I write them and asked them if they're interested in joining the project and I always try to give them something back so I'll always try and research some ancestor for them in the records are go out and look at a grave or do something like that or get my mum to do it because I live in so my mom does but it's it always feel that if they are giving me the access to the DNA it's nice to give something back in return and then it's a kind of a two-way process and it encourages other people to get involved the project is combined the cover is also man XY and by the country oh and it's very useful because having grown up there I've got familiarity with the towns lines and the town's lands are very useful for finding families especially if you've got many families with the same surname you can say oh you're that branch of that family are you're that branch of that family and one way as one way I contribute to the genealogy community outside my own personal family research now and I also run I have another little private project that I run with these people on a genealogy on the basis and that's a cross for England and Ireland so a little tiny bit done on just what are our aims and objectives in genealogy to make new family discoveries find new cousins I found Lords all across America so I couldn't have a holiday in every state now from Alaska to Florida to California Caputo everywhere construct an accurate genealogy for future generations I think we're a generation of people who have got a lot of all the people and everything that's taller stories that can start to get lost as people start to move around as Maura said I start that my family have been in the para tu casa da which means out to their for a long time a good a good number of the branches of it but people like now I live in England so people are starting to move more than they did and I think it's getting that genealogy together why we still have got the information and trying to build it back and preserving it for future generations finding new cousins and developing and pedigree over many generations and I'm back on the most part to my third great-grandparents and a couple I've got I think had four great grandparents are going into the late seventeen hundreds answers the question Who am I and where do I come from and help unearth genealogical him info and I think one of the biggest things for me is I like preservation and as preserving our genealogical history so for me a lot of it is kind of preserving and trying to make things that future generations would be able to get so genetic genealogy and the use of DNA to match clothes in distant color cousins we can we can get and then it gives us information about our admixture now for me it's quite boring because it's British and Irish all the way through merely I don't have anything anything exciting but it is good in terms of ethnicity to give us an idea of for our ethnicity years but as I say a lot of the work I do is looking at the cousin matching and look at how we match but it does give us an idea of if you have something that's different in there it's another branch to follow and it opens up a new area of excitement all of of a different technology than you might otherwise thought so in terms of ethnicity I don't focus too much on the accuracy but if you've got something that's a high proportion of Asian or African or something else Native American it gives you something else to look at and it also gives us more about our deep ancestry on why DNA and mitochondrial DNA so before I get into the X chromosome I just saw I recap on a little bit about the autosomal why DNA and mitochondrial DNA as we've mentioned on some other talks the first 22 pairs of chromosomes are the our or sawmill DNA so we've got an all like 23andme talks about our 23 but we've really 46 because it's one from each parent we includes the X chromosome under 23rd pair its male and female and it's inherited from our parents Y DNA is one of the sex-determining chromosomes on the 23rd pair so from females it's xx and for males it's X Y and the y chromosome has the sry gene and that's what turns on the male the male development and produces male from the XY and it's the smallest the smallest chromosome and it's about fifty nine thousand a million base pairs so it's one of the smallest chromosomes I think 21 is the smallest of a solver and that the Y is even smaller than that and finally the mitochondrial DNA it's the power or as I call it the power station of the cell if you like and it's got this special type of of inheritance patterns while the Y DNA is on the male line oddly the my country of the DNA follows the female line all of the way back and why DNA can only be taken by male testers but and mitochondrial can be passed down by male and female where they all need n goes to the next generation true daughters true true women because it's tears in the egg so it's only come passed through the agency so it doesn't it doesn't go from from sons to the next generation only goes from daughters for the next generations so autosomal DNA inheritance parents is inherited the same way across all of the 22 autosomes so every one of us get 22 pairs for my father and her mother with all 24 chromosomes in our standard or normal DNA and we were exactly half our parents so when we talk about differences with it's because our siblings got different bit of both our parents than we did because it unless we were exactly identical earth but monozygotic twins everyone I'm sorry it's a bit different whereas in that case you're identical because you're coming from they're from the same single fertilized egg and we therefore inherited a different proportion of our grandparents and I think I've tested all of my siblings bar one and it gives me a really good example of how I can say right I'm slightly more my maternal grandfather whereas one of my brother's is definitely slightly more about his might paternal grandmother and I can start from looking at cousins in your soma how that's broken down so just before we move on to the expert here we are giving an example of the autosomal recombination so up at the top here we've got all of the great-great grandparents or 16 of those you can see that how it's passed on to the great-grandparents the grandparents the parent and then the rainbow stripes down at the bottom they it that's the reason why or a sawmill dough becomes less useful after six seven generations is because the stripes become narrower and narrower and narrower and it's hard to determine and how to break them out because and then all of a sudden you can start to have be missing parts from up here because maybe one of the great great grandmother's DNA got left behind somewhere here that doesn't pass down so so that's one of the limitations of the autosomal and the other graph is just showing the 22 autosomes and here we have the male with the XY at the female with the x tanks so what is the X chromosome so now we're on to the main part of of this topic after doing a little bit of background so there's the X chromosome up in the corner an X chromosome is one of the two sex determining chrome sorts 150 not 9 150 five million base pairs so we have three billion base pairs and the x-chromosome is about 5.2 percent of of our makeup and it's similar in size to chromosome 7 so you can see the image from 23andme shows the X chromosome here is quite long and if you go to number 7 it's nearly the same size so it's nearly the same size as chrome and so on number 7 and it was discovered in 1890 by a scientist in Germany and it was called X because it was unusual and actually the Y chromosome was discovered a little bit later it was called Y because Y he follows X and it was considered unusual because meiosis in certain in certain circumstances wasn't taken place so it was proven that it was it hadn't got the crossover and that was in in in in the male's there was no crossover with the Y and that's why they discovered that it actually was slightly difference in performance and why it was so indifferent about it than me than the other chromosomes that were identified at that time and females will have more X chromosome matches than males by virtue of having two X chromosomes so we'll be able to look at that in a minute and how it would come out but one of the things that I find the way nature works in the way of mathematics works is kind of amazing really so like what does the X chromosome have in common with a sunflower at North West and the galaxy Andromeda that's our nearest galaxy well it's because they follow they follow the Fibonacci sequence of numbers and so does the X chromosome and the Fibonacci sequence is an Italian mathematician and it works on that you're adding the number that you previously had before so 1 and 1 of 2 + 2 + 3 is 5 + 5 + 3 is 8 8 + 5 is 13 and so forth I when I was looking at this about six months or a year ago so now I've got to work out how many eggs inherit it numbers I haven't different generations because you've got two parents and four grandparents and here great grandparents and so forth well I don't really have to think about it anymore because it works on the Fibonacci sequence so it's very easy and quick to work out the inheritance pattern of the X chromosome so male inheritance crawl pattern here and this has come from plain Bettinger I've images and he's got a very good book and good website laws of information and that's where I do a lot of my background really and male inheritance you can see you're starting at one and one so you've female and then it's 2 3 5 8 13 21 so you're exactly going up on that true the Fibonacci sequence and every one of those colors where you can look to get your X chromosome so like for example at your great-grandparents level you can see they would come through my paternal through my mom through my grandfather and then through my grandfather's mother and then through my grandmother and grandmother and then you would see I'm coming through both my grandmother's father and grandmother's mother so you can see that with the X chromosome you're narrowing down the possibilities to search so rather than having the broad 16 great-great-grandparents 22 grade grade grades you're actually narrowing down the field and then I talked a little bit more in a couple of minutes about how segments are passed on and how it can be quite long and then the female gets the X chromosome from her dad as well so again you have this sequence now the Fibonacci sequence works on both sides of the three so it's half and half and when you're counting one on the male inheritance you usually can count the 1 if you like from from the mother because there's only one and what whereas on a female you can count from herself because you've got one two and then you're going and you can count on each side but you can see therefore that with the with the inheritance patterns we have a much reduced field to work with then then full-auto somos and it gives us a more concentrated and targeted way to solve problems and that's one of the things that this will demonstrate how I managed to do that I think one thing that's important to mention there's a lot and sometimes it can be mixed up with mitochondrial DNA and X DNA X DNA has numerous different inheritance patterns from so yeah where is the mitochondrial is only on the line of the female coming right back so it's all in a very pink line on the very edge of the male inheritance of female inheritance that you're only like now X chromosome has fewer inheritance possibilities than the full or so on as you only inherit the X chromosome from female ancestors and in my case I inherited X chromosome from my mom and she expects inherits from her parents and I don't get anything in terms of X from my dad so from my dad's side I need to go to my sister and I then inherit some X chromosome from both my maternal grandmother's parents put only from my maternal grandfather's mother and so on and the unique pattern allows us to identify unique ancestral paths in our genealogical research so my mum and dad are made infamous you can see here this is from Family Tree DNA and my mum and dad I've got a next match with my mom as you can see but I've got nothing from my father so this is sure that the X match comes down and here I feel and just chromosome 22 and this is with and my mom on the top and my dad on the bottom as you can see I've got a full X chromosome from my mom and nothing from my father and on the 23andme the same 21 22 an X from my home from my dad X's blank so there that's showing basically D inheritance coming down and one thing I'm going to touch on in a minute is you see there's an a male here and a female there that's because I've linked my family tree to me and to my mom and dad which means my DNA as fears that that becomes relevant in a few minutes so everywhere I look under the Family Tree DNA wherever I've got a female it means that they are related to me trying out through my mother and everywhere I've got a male line they're related to me through my father and this is the importance of why we need to try and encourage people to put in a family tree into Family Tree DNA and Link any cousins that we know to be related so anybody in our lists that we've identified if we can link them in to our tree of course does who they will remain private if they're living naturally to you only we were cedar but then you can connect to DNA and it will fears it and that becomes relevant to sort in this family mystery in a couple of minutes how having your day affairs halves the work and have the job because you know which side of the family you're dealing with so 23andme then I was just going to mention a couple of the things about the chromosomes and crook'd and 23andme gives you a breakdown in ethnicity on the chromosomes and you can see here is the on the eggs that is saying that I'm largely Northwestern European where a little bit of broadly European now that's because I've used a tighter confidence level on this you can set different confidence levels if I went to a 90% confidence level this is what I get if I went back to a 50% confidence level is going to change the color of this to being British and Irish because if you're less confident you can give more accuracy if you're more confident the accuracy causes a little bit but this again when people are looking at the X chromosome if they have tested with 23andme they can actually determine especially if you've got any ancestry or ethnic that of a broader spectrum maybe from some native-american African Asian you can see if that's coming through any excrements on where as you can see all my family coming from island it's there's blue but I thought it's just what put pointing that out and one of the other things I wanted to just point out was a DNA painter this is an atoll by Johnny Palin he is given an talk at 3:30 today and it's an excellent tool and it's invaluable in how to try and match these segments and from Martin's talked earlier about going back and trying to match these segments from 1830 na in 20 I have a mic on my one there's a little yellow one here that's a known for cousin so that part is from my great-great-great grandparents that little bit there and again I put that in because you can see on the X chromosome where different segments are coming from and I can tell you that that segment is coming from my maternal great-grandfather and that's coming from my materials my mum's great-grand from my mum's grandmother so that's on my mom's grandmother and that's my mom's grandfather great-grandfather yeah so you can actually from the segments here start to determine where your matching with with the X chromosome and then if you paint in no one matching cousins you can try to see exactly where they're going to fit so I would definitely recommend if you haven't already looking at DNA a painter and on that the clause as well I've I have in is my aunt and uncle and I'm going to create another one take it my aunt and uncle out so I can get more information on more discipline segments so X chromosome is used to narrow down complex cousin matching and identify particular lines of relationships it's different from females and males which we've seen a couple of minutes ago and no recombination with X chromosome in Mayor's now that's very important because a female's paternal X chromosome is identical to that of grandmother because if it's coming through her father and he can't recombine the combined with the white y-chromosome the father is passing on his mother's x-chromosome intact so a female sex chromosome is that from her paternal grandmother identically so there will be and crossover and recombination from her great-grandparents but it's very useful because if you go back further generations and start to look at X it means you can get very very long segments and that's what's what's vital where you might get shorter segments in the general autosomal if you've got something that's coming down from a male female male female pattern you can get very very long segments and that's something you should look out for with the X form and so on which your DNA map if you go back through will see have I got any really long X chromosome segments because that's very very interesting and do it it's not advisable to use X matches where a segment is less than seven centimorgans even I would say Ted incentive organs if it's very short it probably is accidental and because like there can be a certain amount of and endogamy especially an Irish rural communities where back to the or fourth or fifth cousins you have people Marian that's actually your descendant from two different lines now I haven't actually found that yet but I'm sure that in my generation before the one I've got it exists because I've got some matches with people that are married into the family rather than be my family so I said some went on back about maybe between seventeen twenty five and a hundred in that area in that time to give a pedigree collapse but that's why it's not really worth looking at anything that's very short you're looking with X chromosome to look for long segments now and so you sitting sources Family Tree DNA offers a chromosome browser and the next chromosome 23andme offers a chromosome browser and the X chromosome as well ancestry doesn't provide an increment on browser he provides the X chromosome in raw data so you need to transfer that and you can transfer that into Family Tree DNA in order to transfer you need to pay the $19 which unlocks the DNA and you can use then the chromosome browser and I will said I don't understand today there is a cord that's unlock fee for $9 so if anybody is going to transfer into Family Tree DNA now is the time to do it I get the $9 transfer fee which is very very cheap and my heritage has a chromosome browser but it doesn't actually do the X chromosome it only does the autosomes 1 to 22 so again you need to transfer and you can transfer it to Family Tree DNA living DNA it has the setup for it but it's not quite there yet so living DNA is one of the newer testing companies it's currently under development and I should imagine it eventually get there but at the moment you again have them download the raw data and the last thing I wanted to mention who is as well as Family Tree DNA you could always transfer into jet match now I'm a little bit cautious with jet match at the moment because of the fact it's been taken over by this new barrage and company and I'm very very in for protecting people's DNA and all of these issues with law enforcement and stuff so I'm beginning to open up to the fact that jet match is probably going to be ok and that this company will take seriously those people those choices are option opted out but again like was mentioned in in an earlier presentation we need to understand what we're doing with our data at the terms and conditions be make sure that the testers especially if you're managing many testers like I do that they know and are happy with what you're doing so I would say judgment yes but with Kosh and make sure you've looked at make sure you're comfortable before you do it and with family DNA you can opt out of the law enforcement it's in the it's in the it's in the mattress as well and I just think it's fair that we always mentioned that when you're transferring DNA from other companies that people are aware you know what you're doing get me two now so now this is the part where I'm going to explain how I use the X chromosome to sort out a little problem a match appeared in a family DNA kit that was a match a hi match with the kit owner and here we are we've got a cousin a second cousin to third cousin 208 year 200 near in centimorgans and 42 was the longest segment and an X match I said earlier that if you have pairs and with the great thing with Family Tree DNA is you can fares against cousins you don't have to have your parents and if you've got a first set set go down to second cousins you can actually fairs and look you see I've got against this cousin it's a man with a symbol but it's got the female symbol so I knew that this was on the female site so that meant on the male side I could discard all of that side of the tree so from that little bit of phasing you can scrap half of it already so half the job is already there there and that's from putting in the tree I'm facing the matches so the importance of this match is high as it's just above two hundreds in centimorgans Isaac a owner had an extensive tree with other testers it fairs these cousins in so there with the red female symbol and I think that's extremely important to get that knowledge out that it makes it very useful for for working with trees so the next step I looked at the chromosome browser and it showed a very high x matched look 218 centimorgans and now we've got 128 on the X chromosome alone now this definitely is something to start getting interested in interested in because the owners are I couldn't show all the chromosomes on the screen bull going through there's little bits of segments going all the way back up to one but on DX I just said wow look at that that's absolutely massive so this is the part where I kind of walk through the example of how how it worked it out as I say the names are all changed but the outcome is the same so we've got a family tree and down at the bottom we've got a lord of people with DNA of symbols beside them so we've got this Smith family and we've got this Baker family and as you can see the Smith family have done DNA testing and the Baker family have done DNA testing and they all are descendants from georgina Clark or John Baker up here yes so then what happens we get our new cousin appears with the 218 centimorgans the 218 centimorgans matching with and that's where the match is with this person here so we're saying right this new cousin how do they relate because they haven't got any information and they don't know how they relate to this person because they're contacted and it's in one of my research projects and they were adopted so they don't know how they managed to fit in so right the first thing I needed to look at was what are the lines of that lead that that the new cousin could match on so firstly from Anne Smith I went up and I said right Joseph Smith I've ignored why have I ignored him I've ignored him because there was a female symbol from the phasing of the day so I said right I can discard that side of the tree it's definitely with that we're on this side and because the segments were long enough I was quite confident then that this was definitely on this site so I looked at the possible family tree coming down from Michael Clarke and Anne Miller and James Baker and Anastacia Cartwright so I said they're all of the descendants coming down right um so if I then went along and had a look and said right well we've got these cousins these first cousins of Anton and over here is it the first cousins right so they are also descendant of these up at the very top of the tree so that was starting to make me think right this new cousin has got to be a descendant of either Michael Clarke or Anne Miller or James Baker anastasiya Cartwright and I can make that assumption at that level because of the level of DNA being a second cousin at two hundred and eighteen centimorgan so it's not really going to go much farther back so the next thing ah the new cousin got some information and found the mother's name was Clark so haha we then start to look here and we say right so we've got Michael Clark and Anna Miller so down we come so I put in a few more settings for Georgina Clark in here Michael Clark and Annabelle Clark and then we've got some unknown in Clark here the two represents two generations there's two generations needs to fit in here to me put them in the right place and then we said alright so we can place the cousin in here because we can see the Clark coming down but if not life is never that simple the problem solved the new cousin is descended from my Clark and Anna Miller well maybe not the problem was the X DNA only matched with those Smith causes so look we have the Baker's DNA match nothing Smith X match nothing nothing and here is the one we've seen earlier that 219 with the 42 so I said mmm there's something wrong there so if we got back a couple of slides that means that all of these guys are not passing the X down so if I go back up here and have a look right that means then that the DNA from here from georgina Clark would come down to these so it can't really be the X DNA from John from georgina it must be from John because here we got an Baker receiving our X DNA from her father but we have James Baker over here not receiving the X DNA from her from the father because he's got the way from so then it made me go back and think mmm right we've got a new little problem here to solve so let's see where we do I went and looked at the X inheritance from Georgina Clarke so from Georgina coming down we've got all of these here and so they would match with the X you know is that M Martin Baker over at the edge he is not dotted because he is not got the X chromosome from the father from James Baker so it gives you a little bit of a limit but you can see mmm that's a problem and if it was from the Clarkes and there would have the X match so let's go on another little bit right the X chromosome from John Baker he passes the DNA to his daughters from his first and second marriage so here we've got the focus of the X now has got to be true John Baker and from his mother anastasiya Cartwright so down to an Baker and look the Smiths families again they have got the the X DNA in here but if it's coming from here that's correct the Baker's over here that we saw in the last light with the tree of the Pavin doors tree not having any X is exactly as we would expect but John Baker had two wives because his first wife died after about 20 years of marriage and then he married Georgina Clarke so from his first wife Elizabeth Chandler well they had some children and of course Isabelle Baker and Elizabeth Baker are a half-sister of an Baker so they would therefore be carrying the X chromosome down of John Baker Isabelle Annie a bit baker now it is a bit Baker we know went to the United States and her husband died tragically young so they did not have any children and there's no record of any and she lived to be 91 years of age so we knew that there was no children there so look at here Clark Isabel byaku Merida Clarke just like Georgina's name up here and that was thought true the research out for a month or two until I really started one Sunday morning starting to re-examine the whole DNA because we were assuming because the Clarke was here that it was going back to Georgina Clarke and you see this is where you might think all the cernium is going to actually give me the answer this is where I want to look and it isn't at all there's a lot of names in Ireland where basically you have Lords of people marry with Marian like a my great-great-great grandparents level I've gotten all and Marian and all and neither tomorrow they at but doesn't all and Marian and Norland so you can see where where you end up with this kind of thing that control you out and distract you of it so we're nearly get into the end of how this little mystery was solved so the new cousin descends from James Clark and Isabel Baker and further matching with descendants from James Baker and anastasiya Cartwright confirms this hypothesis because I couldn't have a tree I go all the way across the whole room bringing in American cousins numerous American cousins and everything but I was able to do a little bit further more research on this to confirm so you can see then that a match with Anne Smith and this and and Neil Smith bridges on this line which were shown as the to Smith's they're actually matching and with Isabelle Baker and then coming down from the Clark line here so from here I do know which one of these is but are not going to go to that because as I said it's it's better chilled to leave it because at this line here then when we get into the one where that person is still living so that person is the mother of the new cousin but we now know who the new cousins grandparents are great grandparents great great great great great backup and we know exactly how that cousin relates to Anne Smith so that's just a kind of a little simple exercise on how the X chromosome has got a different inheritance pattern how the how D X has got a different inheritance pattern and also how you can be mislead by surnames like because James Clark had the same name as georgina car and how you can end up being going down a blind alley but one of the big things to remember is the amount of DNA that Anne Smith has because she got our DNA from our mother but then she got her mother got it from her father John and she got a whole X chromosome coming down on recombined so she got anastasiya Cartwright's DNA straight down unchanged and then it would have been some recombination here would that still allowed for a manner anastasiya cartwright piece of DNA all the way down because it didn't get recombined here it was just passed on directly down through John Baker right down to an Baker so an Baker ends up with more or less the same X chromosome as Anna stairs the account right because there's no recombination in the mail and that is why you're such a long segment and the same thing happening coming down here and characterized essentially got the same DNA segments as Isobel beggar of course and both of doors should have a very similar if not the same because as I say there's no recombination that's what's being passed over and that's why coming down here even though you're going back up quite a few generations you've got such a long segment and I think that's if there's one takeaway from the presentation is remember about how it goes through the mayor line on change so you can get back you could very quickly end up with large segments that are like a hundred hundred years or more apart and it really it really brings it together so I hope that part of the presentation is kind of giving you an idea but I have two more slides that I just want to finish with and that's about just DNA kids and profiles and good practice because I could not have solved any of this information if there wasn't trees there if there wasn't some information in terms of phasing on the kids because if it was fair it wasn't fair so I could have worked it out in the end but I would have been working on the parental line of Anne Smith as well so it would have doubled the work twice the length of time and it really narrows it down so what I recommend to everyone is create and a pedigree tree back as far as possible but I've invented if someone else hasn't before me so hopefully I'm not plagiarizing the great-grandparents rule and I think if people were to look at the trees and get to the great-grandparents and put in as much information as you can on that level in births marriages deaths any information newspaper articles attach them all to the tree and you with having air great-grandparents it gives a lot of names and most of them will be back before the 1911 census for example my great-grandparents were born between 1858 1975 so quite a long time ago and I'm sorry 1880 in 58 a May and that means that all of the information is searchable so if you are looking for somebody and you can at least have a tree with your great-grandparents going back or as much information it gives people being able to look at that and look at public records as well and then they can say oh one of their great-grandparents are one of their siblings have related to me and it can give people an opening into how you might be related and it covers for privacy for people who may be the grandparents if you like are still alive and the for people that are younger if the door want to put that information in for privacy of living relatives or maybe some relatives are not too happy if you go back to the great-grandparents and do it and of course doing it at the great-grandparents level it gives you a wider number of names to work with as well which always makes it better and develop a tree farther back if possible from your great-grandparents and if we're EVC reason you cannot do the above please for an or and your profile inviting contacts they can't you contact you and I think probably everybody in this room does this put its other people it's about us as genealogists helping other people that just do DNA tests maybe people just do DNA tests for ethnicity purposes or for interest sake it's trying to get them to put some of the basic stuff in there and I've with ancestry try to explain to people how to link the basic tree and I've created little jet coms and sent them to people to pull on their site so they don't have to do anything just upload the gedcom and it's there and for people that I know and I just think do not as genealogists we're going to help really make huge breakthroughs with DNA if we can get an equal to put in information so great-grandparents rule and the last one is use the great-grandparents alternately use the grandparents and it protects connect your profile true lines function then works correctly in ancestry if you get that in you can get your true lines function start to work in ancestry the smart matches in my heritage will work and defacing especially in Family Tree DNA and the great thing about Family Tree DNA is the fact that you can phase without your parents you can use cousins you can't use siblings but an aunt or an uncle first cousins second cousins first cousins once removed are excellent for phasing and the more you can put in the more segments will be there so the more phasing matches you will get and enter the ancestry info oh that's the other thing I just wanted to mention there's a beta function in family search in family 23andme that connects to family search and I spend all of my Christmas holidays update and all my family tree on Family Search and linking it in to 23andme so it's now a lot of people might not know what's there but if you got 23andme account if you go in and find the link you can turn on the beta and then if you go into family search and put yourself into family search in an account and try and link it back to maybe if there's some tree there or pour a bit of a tree and link it in to fund into 23andme you can actually click and go directly into that tree for other people can click and I think I've only got six matches that I've connected with a beta families a beta for family search but because family search of courses is run by the Church of Jesus Christ Latter day stairs the Mormons in Utah is free there's no charge for having a family search account and it's one single global tree so I definitely for people that are not aware and have 23 tested be 23andme have a look at that feature in the beta it's it's really really good and that is just a diagram to show and where if you put in as much information on your great-grandparents how it's going to help you then follow solve many mysteries and walk it through and I just put up a couple of references because the family tree guide to DNA testing and genetic genealogy by Blair Bettinger a great book I've used it and a lot as chapters on X DNA Y DNA really good source to do and then for people who have tested with Family Tree DNA if you're not aware there is a document you can download I think it about 42 pages long about genetic genealogy tests and Family Tree DNA so there's another book and then there's an advanced genetic genealogy techniques and case studies that's a very big book little bit more advanced but deli kena in the audience down here is written one of the chapters and it's really good for getting into more information and again here we have some of the some of the references and then johnny is speaking later on DNA pet as well so and I think that is a nearly it thank you DNA extremely valuable toolbox X chromosome is often neglected carefully Reese careful research and application of the X chromosome can break down Wars and solve many family mysteries and to use DNA effectively accounts must be set up correctly so I hope you liked my little first time doing a presentation segment on the X chromosome and no autosomal DNA shared at all is that that can happen yes because what's happening is that it's coming down from even further back boy it if that happens it's normally a male female male female because it's brick there's only then recombination happening in every other generation so if you get that you probably want to say write the person's great-grandfather is probably coming on that line and then it'll go back to their great-great grandmother and then it would be their great-great great-grandfather because for that to happen it's thinking about it on the if it was female female female it would recombine at every generation and then it wouldn't be so that's kind of giving you a few tips of if that happens it's skipping the generations well you're going to be around for the rest of my window yeah so if anybody has any questions for Martin about their X chromosome please don't hesitate to contact them we're running a little bit short of time so we have to cut it there but please give a warm thank you mark