The Decay Of Decency With Ezra Klein

I was going to tell you, it was so funny that you called to prep before the episode. Uh, I've been doing this a long time and only one person has ever asked to prep for a podcast they were coming on before and I don't think you would you would ever guess who it was. >> Who was it? >> General Dan Kaine. >> Oh, interesting. There you go. >> Yeah. Yeah. You know, if you had put up a list, I would not have been shocked by that. I mean, the military men are very are very uh methodical. I don't usually, but because I thought it would be good to see if we could direct to more interesting things, uh I thought it'd be good to connect. >> I wasn't surprised though. You do you do seem I was trying to think of the word. Is it thoughtful, conscientious? Like I can tell when I listen to your podcast that you are very prepared. You're not just like, "Hey, let's see where this goes." I go on podcasts and people see where it goes and I find it shocking. >> It's also it's two things too. It's like one you got to know your strengths. I was just on Dak Shepard's show. I don't know if it's out yet. I don't think it is. And you know it's like a real talent to just exist in the hang. >> Mhm. >> And to make the hang work, you know, with Dax and and Rogan and some of the others I have. But I think my what I'm good at is actually like absorbing the other person's project and kind of coming out with like a like an interesting distillation of it. And then the other which I've been trying to I do a lot less now. I don't go on TV. I'm selective about what shows I go on. And one thing I I I want to try to do is then if I'm going to be selective, like be even more thoughtful about using those opportunities well so that there's some reason to do it and interesting things happen when I'm there that are creatively generative for me and good for the show I'm on, right? Like if I like to be like be more narrow but also more put more into it. >> It's interesting though because I'm not sure from a listener's perspective if they can always tell the difference like the external product can feel the same. Like I I've been interested in the medium of podcasting, how how often people sort of mistake it for something very deliberate and considerate when it really is people sort of bullshitting. You know, like often the episode is is people thinking out loud as opposed to having expressed something that they have put a lot of thinking into. And I'm not sure that the difference is always discernible to the listener. And so, you know, like people would be like, "Oh, sometimes I do audiobooks and sometimes I listen to podcasts." And I'm like, "Those are very different things." Like they're not even in the same ballpark as far as like what you what the the finished product is, I guess, is what I'm saying. >> I think people can often tell the difference without knowing they're telling the difference. The way that when you see amazing athletes, their work looks effortless. >> Yeah. I think the really really really good podcasters in in different ways. It's not always because they did so much preparation about the material, but the the shows that are really good, people are seeing something that reflects an an iceberg under the surface. A podcast that seems strange. There are certain shows I have listened to where the amount of work going into the show is very very present and that's also not a good feeling. Yes. >> You're trying to get to a point where it's a tremendous amount of work to make things feel effortless. [laughter] >> A lot of effort to get there. >> Yeah. It's a it's an interesting medium because unlike I think a lot of journalism, it is not usually hostile. They're usually friendly conversations. And I I think it's that's sometimes conducive to giving people a pass. You balance this in an interesting way, which is something I wanted to ask you about cuz it's always struck me as something that must take a lot of restraint for you, is you clearly have a lot of people on that you disagree with on a lot of issues, but the episodes are very rarely contentious. You disagree with the guest, but you don't call the guest out. You sort of you often let them say something that I could tell you probably think is insufficient, but you sort of leave it there. H how how does that work for you? >> I am never trying to defeat my guests. Yeah, that's just not what I do on my show. I am trying to understand them and that means pushing to the point where I feel like I've come to the boundary of their response. So, in a show where I really disagree with somebody, you'll often see me push harder than when what they're saying feels more intuitive to me. But once I feel like I have found what their response to that pressure is, I move on. I'm never ever ever it has never happened on my show and it never will that I'm trying to humiliate somebody before my audience. I never want to do that. >> And the number like people have ended up a fairly small number of them, but people have ended up not loving how they performed on my show, but it's almost always because I asked some very straightforward questions and their answers just weren't very good. But I don't do debating tricks. I'm a I'm a I think a fairly good debater. I've been in that format a lot in my life and have had some experience with it. And one thing it has taught me is a debate is a skill. [laughter] And so I don't mistake being good at that skill for being right about things. It's just I don't know. I I it's never even occurred to me to to make my my show that way. I think that I learn a lot from the episodes where I disagree with people, but that's the intention is to learn a lot, not like to show that my view better. I have homec court advantage. I have control over the edit. It's my audience listening to a show with my name, with album art, with my face. The idea that it is I need to bring people on there to beat them. Like, what kind of fair fight is that? >> And I I I bet I could guess what some of those episodes are. And what I what I found interesting about them is like they were pretty straightforward questions you were asking. And it's clear that although this person is in many cases pretty experienced with being on shows, they've never actually been asked those questions or forced to to answer them in a way. Yeah. They they haven't been forced to actually put it in black and white. They they've been able to dance around it a long time. Going back a very long time, I've had the view that softball questions are the true hard balls and hard balls are the true softballs. And what I mean by that is that if you had Donald Trump on, if I had Donald Trump on my show and I were to ask him about the five most controversial, outrageous, malicious things he has said in the past year, I think he would know exactly how to handle that. And if I were to say, Mr. President, how do the dual eligibles in Medicaid work? I think it is very plausible. And I mean this if you know Medicaid issues is a huge issue. Um he would have no idea what I'm talking about. Now I don't know if that's true right as Donald Trump that question but I've seen this many many times with politicians with news news figures and and and with people who are just experts in their field that you ask people and journalists do this all the time. This sort of pose of toughness. You ask them the question is supposed to be most uncomfortable for them and they're fine with that. They knew exactly what that question was. >> Yeah. Yeah. >> And you just ask someone for that very question. >> This thing you're saying, how does it work? How do you think about this obvious implication of it? >> And then you can really begin to see, have they thought through it clearly? You know, when I when I was at Vox, we always used to talk about this that there was actually when you would do an explainer of a straightforward question like what is infrastructure spending? It would turn out that the amount of hiding in a term that we all thought we knew was tremendous. We we actually just go through life pretending that there and I think convincing ourselves that there are far fewer holes in our knowledge than there really are. And you know, part of I think the the work of this stuff is is actually understanding like the base layer of our intellectual pyramids when it's very easy if you know, you're reading the news and following controversies to always be at like the peak, right? Always be at some narrow point everybody's debating as opposed to like actually developing a foundational understanding. >> Is this a transferable skill for you? I'm curious about this idea of like you you ask a question, you let the person explain up to their limits of understanding and then you just go, "Okay, if that's your reality, that's your reality." Can you apply that in your personal life? That's something I struggle with. Like tell me what you mean. Give me an example. >> Well, like let's say you're in an argument with your spouse or you're just talking to someone on the street. Like can you can you exercise that level of restraint? Like I I I would characterize part of what we're talking about here is not needing to get the last word, right? A very sort of human thing. Like we want to we want people to know how we feel and sometimes we feel like it's mutually exclusive like uh rather than two people can have two different understandings of something. Can can you apply that outside the [laughter] the confines of your show? >> Not as well as I can on the show. >> Yeah. So, I mean, depending on the situation, but the show is a very I wouldn't even call the experience I have on the show as restraint. I really do want to learn from the people I have on the show, including the people I disagree with. So, I do not have the experience in the room that many people emailing me seem to think I'm having of white knuckling it through my own desperate desire to throttle the person in front of me. I am in a shared energy with them and am genuinely trying to understand their model of the world even if it conflicts with mine. And yes, there are times people say things that I find distasteful or cruel, but I I don't find it so impossible to be in a mode where I'm trying to inhabit their vision of the universe. I I was thinking about this. I had a show back at Vox, same podcast, you know, but but back when it was at Vox. And I remember having Rod Dreer on, who is a, you know, quite, I would say, hard right Christian conservative. And I remember talking to him about his view of the world and finding it and I remember trying to say this to my audience before the show started because Rod and I were never going to agree like we weren't to him biblical authority is a sufficient explanation for core questions about American and modern life. And to me it just isn't. We are not sitting on ground that can be in any significant way like empirically reconciled. So it was like very straightforward from there to say okay well I want to understand how he thinks. I'm not trying to persuade him. He's not going to be persuaded of what I think uh at least on some of these core issues. [gasps] Whereas if I am talking to a family member or my partner, hopefully I am trying to understand the way they understand the world. Uh but but sometimes I have a you know more direct rooting interest in the outcome without specific conversation. I can't hold myself quite as much at arms length. >> Yeah. I've been thinking about this with my kids just trying to be more curious about things like like okay what did you think was a nine and six? Um so so just like you know wait why did you think this was a good idea or like wait ex like explain to me your your understanding of what's happening here or and and you know it can be difficult because it's easier to sort of tell or to explain especially you know when you're dealing with things where where you know safety is concerned or whatever but but the idea of like actually trying to as you said sort of learn from the other person's point of you again maybe restraint's the wrong word but I think it's not necessarily our cognitive bias is not in that direction usually it's usually the opposite direction I think it's both I think that if you look at the audiences and the nature of a lot of the big podcasts not I'm not talking about my own here I think what you see is a audience that is more curious about many kinds of views than our politics and in some cases certainly our more elite cultures give them space to be >> you know I think if you listen to the von or Rogan or some of these figures and I do one thing I often think is that the good of them and the bad of them are the same there is a profound space of neutrality or even safety they create in their conversations which allows really interesting and at times very emotionally intimate things to happen and at the same time there is a or can be I think a absence of skepticism an excess fragility it can lead you into conspiracy as it does for them sometimes but it's not just a good thing or a bad thing I've listened to podcasts like that where I'm really glad they created the space for that conversation to exist because somebody who's more in the news media like I am probably would not there would have been too many things we would have felt that we had to ask just to do our journalistic duty and so there would have been no safety to get to the place of emotional intimacy and intellectual intimacy they found and then there are times I listen it's like could you just ask the obvious question or appear to have done 17 minutes of research here >> but it's a good and a bad right you know you're not going to find a lot of meet the press is not a place in which people can really open up. They can't bear their soul. But on the other hand, I'll ask them the hard questions. And so I'd only say that I actually think that in politics we and people who are very very politically invested understandably and have very per like deep as I do, you know, feelings about what the right answers are, how things are going. I think there can be a sense that like of course hearing this kind of disagreement is raising everybody's blood pressure, but you look around a lot of people don't experience the world the way we do and they actually just want to hear people's ideas explored. [snorts] >> Yeah. There's an earnestness to it that I think is is lacking in some parts of the culture. you and I were talking about this like the sort of desire to improve, the desire to, you know, get in better shape, the desire to just sort of like optimize as a as a person. I think that there are elements of what you call the manosphere or social media that have spoken to that really well and somehow it's been politicized but maybe in a way that we wouldn't have expected but like it strikes me as something that needs to be spoken to um because it is a part of modern life that people are struggling with. To go back to something you said earlier about podcasting in some ways being a nice medium. >> Yeah. One of my jokes, but it is in no way a joke, is that X is where I go to dislike people I like and [snorts] podcast where I go to like people I dislike. >> Mhm. >> Which is to say that over the course of a conversation with most people, I come to have some fundamental sympathy with them or at least some fundamental understanding of them. oftentimes, including people who have views that are irreconcilably different from mine. It doesn't mean I think they're right, and it doesn't mean I excuse morally what they do, but I can still feel a a human connection even with somebody I'm very far apart from. And that has to do, I think, with the way we are tuned towards each other in conversation. It's actually a common failure mode on my podcast that I'll have on somebody who disagrees with me or disagrees with my audience and in the once in person they will not be able to clearly articulate those disagreements because the the human tendency towards relational closeness and tracking of the other person is is so strong. Meanwhile on X where we are collapsed down to you know back in the day at least 280 charact but still usually pretty small snippets. Even people I like even people I agree with are expressing their opinions in such a sharpedged tuned towards virality way that I don't like them. [laughter] >> There's like no space. It's not how I It's not how even I understood that view even if I hold it. And by the way, I think this is meaningful at the societal level. I think a you know I'm not sure if this is still true but it certainly has been true that X before that Twitter was the platform maybe still is the platform of political elites and I think they have become more like it which has made our politics worse >> and the the the platforms of communication and the structures of communication that we use do change us. And so I've watched people I know over time have become more like their ex personas. I've also seen people become more like their podcast personas. I've watched cable news folks become more cable newsy. It's like they can't turn it off. It's a it's an old insight from media theorists like Marshall McLuhan that you do not just use the medium and shape the medium. The medium uses and shapes you. And it's a thing that is worth if you spend a lot of time in any form of media, algorithmic, television, anything, it's a thing worth being very careful about. >> Yeah. Just hearing you say that, it makes me think it's like one is sort of fundamentally consiliatory and the other is fundamentally adversarial. And so one brings out sort of humanness and then the other brings out sort of antihuman traits, I guess you might say, like aggression, conflict, contradiction, you know, all all these things. >> There's that dimension. There's also the the reality that one is or was I want to come back to this in a second fundamentally contextual and the other is fundamentally decontextual and decontextualizing which is to say that until fairly recently what it meant to be on a podcast was to speak to somebody else for somewhere between 35 minutes and 2 to four hours in you know maybe video usually it was audio and it only lived in that format. at and whereas to be on X or Instagram or you know Facebook or any of these platforms was to crack yourself into shards and then the only shards of you that anybody saw were the ones that elicited intense emotional reactions in other people which is usually not a great way to communicate. You don't want to turn the emotional reactions of everybody up to 11 on everything you say. I I worry a bit. I mean, you you know, you have a podcast and we're here in video and I've seen your Instagram page and we are now taking these shows that are tuned for a complex conversation. We just started this even before we officially started and and now we're clearly in it and it it's sort of evolving and there's an energy and the energy will keep shifting a little bit, but you know what we're saying in 18 minutes will have something to do with what we are saying now, even if only energetically. And meanwhile, you're chopping this up. all of us, me included, into decontextualized 30-second to 4minute bursts meant to elicit an immediate emotional reaction. Even that reaction is, "Oh, that's interesting." Right? That's one. But obviously the the ones people see a lot of are things where somebody ends up humiliated or they're really inspired or they're really angry at what they said. And I I I wonder it it does feel to me as somebody who loves this medium like we are entering into a period where we are doing violence to it because you're taking something that it it's its fundamental quality was the richness of its context and as we move into this clips economy it doesn't mean that the rich context version doesn't also have a life. It does, but a lot of people are experiencing these things chopped up in ways that really betray how rich that initial piece of work was. And it just there's nothing I can do about it, but it makes me sad. No, it's like we're doing to podcast what we did to media like 20 30 years ago where we took the the newspaper which was a package or an hourong TV broadcast and we broke it up into these pieces and then those pieces competed with the pieces of other shows to see which one, you know, was the most clickable when when it's sort of aggregated or algorithmized. And so, yeah, it's probably not good for the overall quality of the of the discourse. >> I think that's right. So, let's let's talk about virtue because I think this is something I I've I've heard you talk about on the show a bit. I think is obviously something that that sort of politically is out there. It's an interesting word. I think if you asked people what virtue meant, you know, they they tend to think sort of self-righteousness or they they they think it has this religious context. And yet we are, I think, coming to terms with as a society with what happens when there is no virtue. We're suddenly missing something that maybe we didn't value properly enough. >> I think that's right. I would probably speak in terms of virtues. I have been interested, maybe obsessively so in what it would mean to have a liberalism that felt sufficient to this moment. This moment in which illiberalism is winning both here in America and other countries. And a moment when liberalism itself feels quite exhausted. Its moral imagination feels thin. its political imagination feels thin. Its leading politicians don't feel to me like they're the ones who are resonating. And I have a lot of views on what happened here, but but one is that if you go back into the old structures of liberalism, you see a lot of talk of virtue and virtues and selfmastery be behind liberalism before it was ever an ism, before it was ever a politics is a virtue called liberality, which people talked about for 2,000 years before they ever talked about liberalism. And that virtue liberality is built on on the word that's a word that sort of means free and generous at the same time. It's a sort of an ethic of mutual generosity towards other citizens which was associated with people in in antiquity who are considered to be worthy of freedom or who are given freedom. And so there's something here about like the self-mastery and the behavior of a citizen expected of like the aristocracy. Now I don't want to see an aristocracy. I don't want to see a limited number of free people. But if you you follow this thread and through most of the history of being a liberal and then eventually liberalism, there is this idea that to live in a society particularly one becoming more democratic together requires the the cultivation of the virtues of a citizen. And I think that over the past 30 40 years we've come to take all that for granted. We succeeded sufficiently in building the democracy we have now that the idea that we could lose it, the idea that we could lose this political system that that it could rupture into violence or into true dissolution seemed fantastical. A threat may be in other places but not in our own. And I think we see now that that's not true. That this could break it. We are already seeing shocking rises in political violence, rises in both successful and attempted political assassinations, January 6, ICE agents in the streets and masks. And there's a lot that needs to be built, I think, to stabilize the system now and a lot of fundamental reform of how it works that needs to be done. But I think there's also a sense that uh or needs to be a sense that we actually need to rediscover an insistence upon democratic virtues, civic virtues in our leaders and in ourselves. And one of the ironies of the moment is that at at the same time like the new right has discovered or rediscovered a language of virtue. It is led by the most virtuous person in modern American life in Donald Trump. And I think that opens up both a sort of space in which to see how dangerous it is when this is missing and also if you're like me a liberal in the American tradition, a political opportunity to actually take hold of that of that energy that that yearning that will be there to not mirror Donald Trump with a liberal version or a leftist version of him, but to actually recognize that there's power in rediscovering, I think, the way people want leaders and the way they want other people in politics to act. >> Yeah. I think you you get the sense that the founders built the system around some assumptions about human behavior. Although they they did have at at various times an incredible amount of cynicism about human behavior and human drives. There was ultimately this sense that your sort of your public man and now public woman would comport themselves a certain way. that there'd be certain things that no honorable person would do or that society would would if told about, you know, sort of recoil in in revulsion. And so a lot of these things weren't codified in law. They were just cultural assumptions. And then when those cultural assumptions fall away, the inadequacy of the law to protect against them or enforce them suddenly becomes quite clear. Let's give the founders a bit more credit, which is to say they they built structures meant to contain this kind of failure. And we are living in an era in which the structures have failed. And so we're here and and let me explain what I mean by that. So the founders feared a demagogue. >> Mhm. >> They believed the danger of democracy and the form of democracy they set up was very limited and attenuated. But they believe the danger of democracy was that the masses would choose a demagogue, a virtuous person good at appealing to the base passions of the population. [gasps] How do you protect against that? Well, they had a couple of answers to that. One answer was to create certain checks on what kind of person could eventually inhabit the presidency. One of those checks is the electoral college, which was meant to be a check made of elites who would be appointed by the leaders in different states in order to act as a final go no-go on the person who won the election. So that if the masses chose a demagogue, the electoral college could reject them. that Donald Trump won his first election after losing popular vote but winning the electoral college is a profound historical irony. >> Yes, >> it is a profound perversion. The electoral college was supposed to stop someone like him from becoming president and instead it made him president. So that's one dimension. But they understood that you could have a dangerous person become president even through that system. And so they created a presidency that was quite limited. And among the many ways in which it was limited was that you had this idea that there would be these three branches and ambition would check ambition. That the fundamental competition of American politics would be between the desire of Congress to arrogate power to itself, the desire of the president to wield power and the desire of the courts to do their role. The founders simply did not create a space and did not predict political parties. And that was fine earlier in the republic when our political parties were weak and fractured and fractious and internally divided. But, and this is a story I tell in my first book, why we're polarized over time, we've developed highly ideologically unified parties that now compete across the branches. So instead of the branches competing with each other, Republicans cooperate. Republicans in Congress, cooperate with a Republican in the presidency and to a lesser but not absent degree, I mean, look at the voting rights decision that just came down with Republicans in the courts who they of course aggressively vet for ideological adherence before they nominate. And of course, Democrats also vet members of the court for ideological alignment before they nominate them. So, it is impossible. It is just fundamentally impossible to argue that we have not broken the system of the founders. The electoral college doesn't do what it was meant to do. The branches are not the site of competition and checks and balances. You have the fundamental institutions of political competition are political parties which have no role official role in the constitutional structure and they compete and cooperate across branches creating a situation where now where you can have a very very dangerous president who has a majority of his co-partisans in Congress who he has quite a lot of control over those co-partisans so they do not act as a check on him. Nobody believes it is possible Donald Trump could be impeached and removed even for extraordinary levels of corruption and mal behavior. And so you have to I think confront I mean one that your systems of checks and balances can always break down. So having decent leaders is not a small question. There is no political system good enough to deal with the wrong people over a long period of time. And two, I think we really do have to think institutionally about whether or not the system we have for a lot of reasons is operating as designed. I mean, we haven't even talked about money in politics, which I think if the founders could see the dark super PACs funding and dark money funding that we now have in unlimited amounts, they would be shocked that we think that is the constitutional way to set up a system as opposed to making sure that can't happen as being, you know, what would be required by their by their fundamental principles. But we're just a long time from the founding and we have done less and less over time to overhaul or reform the system. And eventually even the best institutional structure will corrode and fall into disrepair and as I often like to say in abundance institutional renewal is a task that every generation faces a new and we don't get to escape it either. >> Obviously the sort of constitutional prerogatives is is an important thing. the check of ambition against ambition. But I think about that that moment, you know, when the repeal of the Affordable Care Act comes up when McCain walks onto the Senate floor and almost certainly wants the ACA to be repealed. Like ideologically, he has no problem with that happening. He just has a problem with the process, right? He feels like the process matters and he feels like he had criticized the other party when he did when they did something. he did not want to be a party to then going back on you know he he didn't want to be a hypocrite basically right and so so the the sort of final check in the founder system I would think or and and I think this is something you hear the stoics talk about and it's sort of a philosophical concept it's like the final check is ultimately the individual and their own conscience right the individual and what they're willing to be a party to where they draw the line their own sense of honor or values and I I think to me that's been the most interesting failure in the system over this period, right? Is like yes political parties have degraded it. Yes, money has been a part of it. But it's been surprising the degree to which individuals are willing to debase, humiliate, contradict themselves in many cases like powerful important people who have some level of independence and self-respect but sort of ultimately don't. >> But that should not surprise us. I forget the exact line but there's a line in the federalist papers that if men were angels then no government would be necessary. >> Sure. It was a American naivee, a pathologically self-coming exceptionalism that persuaded us that the venality and corruption and cowardice and extremism that we had seen take hold of country after country after country after country over. you know, the nearly 250 years of of our history to say that nothing of all the time that came before that. >> Yeah. >> That somehow that something in our national character and fiber had made us immune to that same corrosion coming for us. Yes, one would think that rich and independently powerful people would have limits that they do not appear to have. >> That whatever Republicans might think of Donald Trump's policies that the level of corruption that is swirling around him and his family would be understood as simply beyond the pale. the pulling in of investments in their crypto scams from Gulf States, the acceptance of a luxury jet from Qatar, the I mean the stories, if you were in politics and around this stuff. I'm not going to talk through things that I know to be true but have not yet fully been reported. But it is even something Republicans talk about right now. >> Yeah. that the level of corruption in Washington, the level of self-deing is cosmic in its scope. And yet, should it really be a surprise to us given every other political system we have ever seen that when a strongman gets in power and is there long enough to purge the people from his administration or from his regime who would oppose him that the people left are the ones who are comfortable self-dealing and in fact will participate in it in many cases themselves. There's nothing new about that. We didn't invent that in the year of our lord 2026. And so like this is why we have laws and this is why we have independent investigations. You think of the small ball petty [ __ ] that led to special prosecutors in previous administrations. Hillary Clinton's previous trades in pig futures. I mean that had an independent investigation into it. you think of over I mean in in uh New York City where I am, there was a investigation into Eric Adams for accepting gifts in the tens of thousands of dollars from Turkey and Turkish Airways. And of course, Donald Trump, who looked at that and said, "Who gives a [ __ ] I'd prefer to have this guy in my pocket than in jail." then led had his administration fire a series of Republican prosecutors, Republican prosecutors who were going after Eric Adams, a Democrat, because Trump saw there as being one, I think, saw nothing really wrong with Adams is doing because Trump is doing it on a scale like we can't even conceive of and certainly Eric Adams can't conceive of. And two, to Trump, this is all transactionalism. It's all patrimonialism. Adams wasn't doing anything different than Trump is. So why was he getting prosecuted for it? And frankly, if people like Adams got prosecuted for something so small, then what did that mean for the possible future that Donald Trump might face? >> And so we have these laws and these rules and these structures for a reason. But when you have somebody with a power to destroy those rules, laws, and structures, and you have a party not willing to enforce them, then of course the system will fail because the nature of a leader like Donald Trump is of course he's not going to surround himself with the kind of people who will stop him. That's not what people like this do. It was and I wrote about this by the way in the 2024 election before Trump won. They said perfectly clearly that they understood and they believe that the main problem of their first term is there were too many people that Donald Trump himself had appointed who were insufficiently dependent and obsequious to Trump and too often had acted as a restraint on his impulses and that they were going to execute a vetting strategy. And this is part of what Project 2025 was. was not just a bunch of policies to make sure that there is nobody in this administration who would ever tell Donald Trump no. They have talked about there being a rule inside the building that if Donald Trump asks for something twice, you do it. You do not pocket veto him the way people did in his first administration like when he said that the military should shoot protesters in the knees and the acting secretary of defense just didn't. Right? And so there is a a dimension here where like you know they explained exactly what they wanted to do. They explained exactly what they thought the problem was in the first term and they have gone about trying to correct it and to a large extent I think not one that is going to ultimately be good for the Republican party or the country or for Donald Trump's legacy but has at least given them more freedom of movement. That's what they've done. So it's it's ironic then that we're we're having this sort of resurgent conversation about virtue given that the people who in the previous administrations were particularly upset about the idea of virtue signaling, right? Like that virtue signaling was this super obnoxious thing. But now we have people who were talking about a need for the return to virtue while then sort of a actively embracing not only not virtue but but but open vice. But it does strike me that that in both cases that the virtue signaling is speaking to something very real that we understand as a culture we have gotten away from and desperately need to return to. >> I think there's two really interesting things in there and let me take them in turn. I always thought the discourse around virtue signaling was revealing in a way people didn't intend because I think it is healthy for a society for the people in it to send signals of virtue. >> Yes. >> Now you can criticize people for sending false signals of virtue. That's a dangerous situation and a and a common problem. You can also worry about a situation where people are competing to be seen as decent without really thinking through what decency means, right? That's a kind of superficial virtue signal. I mean, there's a lot of ways it can go wrong, [gasps] but broadly speaking, trying to pulse virtue, you know, through the system is not something should be looked down upon. And I think that the fact that people treated it as such a sin and were made so uncomfortable by it so often is was telling about where some of them actually wanted to go. >> Yeah. which was not to a space of more modesty or not just to a space where there was less performative actions of ethics or justice but to a space where they were unrestrained by social norms [snorts] and structures of acceptable behavior. So that's number one and I think that is where many of them went to vice signaling in many cases. Isn't it exciting they can now say the word [ __ ] Number two, there is an irony that there are many on the right associated with like the new right and maybe people around JD Vance who did get into an an interesting dialogue about virtues. But I think if you listened to them closely, they were not talking about virtues as a scaffolding of ethical behaviors and self-cultivation meant to create a a workable society, but but they were actually using it as a way of talking about a past. Virtue was in this telling not a mode of action, but an older word that spoke to the ways people acted in more traditional classical societies and was part of a larger political vision that is fundamentally uncomfortable with the changes and dislocations of modernity. And there are even, you know, certain versions of this critique I'm myself sympathetic to. But but I do think it was really important to to tell the difference between people talking about virtue because they cared about acting virtuously and people talking about virtue because it was one of the set of aesthetic signals you could send about preferring a more masculine traditionalist hierarchical society to the one we now have. you know, when you when your name is a bronze age pervert and you're talking a lot about virtue, like you should possibly look more deeply into what is actually being said and and that I think was part of the tell that there were a lot of people here who like to talk about virtues because they like to talk about the past. What they didn't want to talk about was the difficult things virtue might ask from them in the present. >> It's funny to be opposed to virtue signaling when when literally the founding documents of American government are effectively virtue signals, right? like >> do not do not cohhere to the actual society they're running, right? Which is why they ended up being so powerful. America founded on virtue signaling that is part of what has been the scaffolding of eventual movement towards virtue. >> Yes. Sorry, I interrupted you. I just got excited. >> I mean, Martin Luther King understands this so brilliantly. You know, in his f in the the famous March on Washington speech, he's like, "We're here to cash a check," right? like like Thomas Jefferson wrote a check and I'm here 100 years later, 150 years later to cash that check. That's that's what virtue signaling does when it does best. And Gandhi does the same thing. He says, you know, Britain likes to see itself this way and then here's what they're doing over here. Let me show you the contradiction and then let's try to get these two things a little bit closer to each other. And I think you're right. some of the political and cultural criticism about virtue signaling was really like, hey, even your pretense of caring about virtue is constraining to me and I don't like it. Let's let's stop pretending. So, I think there's that. And then you're right that there's something interesting doing this series on the cardinal virtues. It's been really interesting to watch people read the books, to like the books, to get coverage for the books, and then some of those same people get really mad at me when I say we should apply some of those ideas to the world that we are in right now, whether we're talking about corruption or cruelty or respecting other people's rights or whatever we want to talk about. But there there does seem to be this idealization and lionization of the past as if those people in the past weren't having to work hard to live up to those virtues. Like I think one of the the most inspiring stories we hear from the past are people who really paid a price for those ideals, you know, and I think we just want to look at the statues and and read the works but not have to apply them to the modern dilemmas. >> In that vein, because I think I should make sure we're living up to what we're talking about here, >> you have to be careful. We on the broad left have to be careful and I think we're not about being imbalanced in what these questions ask of us totally >> and I think virtue signaling and the the sort of politics that was around it at that time the the way in which it went wrong as a both a politics and a set of practices of how we relate to one another is that there was a heavy weight placed on a form of inroup purity on having the right opinions on all of the different things. And so a heavy weight placed on on on moral righteousness, which is important. I don't want to take anything away from that. I am somebody who does actually believe our society is systemically racist and I believe in a lot of the things that now get called wokeness and I have not changed in any of those beliefs. But there are also what I would call democratic or civic virtues about how we deal with one another >> and how we handle disagreement and whether or not we listen and whether or not we the like liberalism at its best is a way of channeling the disagreement and division inherent in a complex society into a constructive politics. And I think social media really pushes people towards the prophetic voice, the unsparing moral condemnation of those who you and yours don't like and away from the civic virtues that are often necessary to balance that of actually being in relationship with of actually listening to of actually exploring the textures of people who are unlike you and people who believe differently than you and not trying to cast them out of the civic commons and and and this is a very in my view hard hard balance. You go too far to one side and you become insensitive to injustice because you are trying so hard to allow disagreement to sit and flourish and you don't want to be condemnatory of anybody and so you lose the ability to take a moral stand and you go too far to the other stand the other side and particularly when you've not done the political work to create a social consensus around it and you create backlash you push people way you make it hard to correct your own errors in judgment or see the own places where you are or see the places where you are being intolerant. And so one thing that I personally find inspiring in the history of liberalism is it it is a an ideology and a a political practice built out of balancing acts. And if you over and over and over again if you fall too far to one side or another you fall. And so it doesn't hold the view that there's simply one answer. It's not just well eventually the proletariat will rise up and win or the true Americans will rise up and win or my religious faith will rise up and win and then we will have the society we imagine now without compromise and then we will have hit our utopic end state. It's a constant balancing of the need for moral and social progress against the need for civic and small democratic cohesion. And there is, I think, great virtue and moral ambition in doing that. Well, uh, but it but it's hard. It's hard. And I think it's made harder in the in the the current situation where one, the right has abandoned many of the things and and practices that that kind of held us within a common set of political norms and practices and boundaries. and social media and algorithmic media and other things have created a a communicative culture that is more hostile to the nuance and deliberation and balancing that I think has defined you know the best periods in our politics. >> And you know it can be easy in this sort of thinking about virtue, thinking about justice to get really concerned with you know what other people are doing right how other people are treating other people. And obviously this does matter, but you can end up neglecting the things that are much more in your control or that you have much more sort of responsibility for you're participating for. I thought that this was an interesting sort of argument in in in abundance, right? You're like, "Hey, you put the sign in your front yard that says, "Hey, I'm a good person. I believe in all these things." And what you're not thinking about is the people that that that can't come into your neighborhood because of the the restrictive say housing and zoning laws that you're if not an active participant in a beneficiary of, right? Like like it's so easy, I think, to think of the sort of very black and white examples of injustice or unfairness, corruption as we're talking about. And ultimately, I think it it behooves every person to condemn those things when they see them. But ultimately, the real work is not in condemning what other people are doing, but in thinking about what you're doing and where you can do better. And I think that that is something that that sort of has gotten lost. >> I think that is true. Look, self-critique is always harder. >> Yeah. If you listen to or read my work, >> the balance of critique is on the right because I think more of the problems are on the right. If you read my first book, why we're polarized, the balance of the critique is on the right because the right had polarized in a more aggressively anti-system way than than the left. >> And abundance was an act of self-critique. I'm a liberal Californian. Why isn't a California governed by liberals leading to better outcomes for the working-class people it claims to represent? I believe in green energy. Why aren't we building the green energy we've promised the country at the speed we've promised to do it? I'm a person who believes deeply in public infrastructure and government action. Why are we why is the government so often failing to build the public infrastructure promises at a speed and a cost that is acceptable? And one of the places where I mean I think broadly speaking people actually appreciated that quite a bit. But it was interesting that people saw anything I left out as a problem in the book as me saying or me and Derek saying it wasn't a problem. Right. The book is not particularly focusing on corporate power because in my view the left understood the problems of corporate power >> and actually did quite a lot to try to think about them even if it's a very hard problem in in cases like money and politics to to solve partly for constitutional reasons. But what it was not good at thinking about were the places where it was the problem where the way it governed and where its ideals and even its own accomplishments were creating system level dysfunction that was making it impossible for liberals or for that matter leftists or others to achieve their goals. So I I I think and I believe this is true for politicians too that self-critique is one way you show people you're serious about what you're trying to achieve. Yeah. >> Um, and there's actually a lot of good political science evidence on this that, you know, when people hear a politician critique the other side, that doesn't register that much for them. They expected that. when they hear somebody critique themselves or their own side, that is a costlier signal for that person to send and it gives them more credibility as you know somebody who's really committed to accomplishing the goals you're describing because the truth is and I think correctly so the public is very cynical. They know the system is broken and what they believe is that the Republicans are only upset about the ways in which the Democrats are breaking it and the Democrats are only upset about the ways in which the Republicans are breaking it. And neither side is willing to come in and make it work in a holistic way for a public that is, you know, broadly speaking, not as much on one side or the other as all these political obsessives are. And what I'm describing there is not moderation, by the way. I don't think the public is all that moderate. What I'm describing there is a recognition that the public has, and that is true, that even if both sides are not equally at fault, there is a reality that both sides are somewhat at fault, and you're not going to fix this unless you're willing to acknowledge the entire array of faults. >> I was listening to your episode where you were talking about sort of the history of liberalism, and you had a good line that that I was making me think about it in my own writing. And you said something like liberalism and and here you don't mean like the democrats you mean sort of people believe in sort of liberal society don't have a good way of talking about responsibility which is to say obligations. We have a lot of language for freedom, opportunity, toleration, all of these things. But we struggle with the flip side of that coin, which I think the founders again sort of took for granted that people would feel obligated to do or or understand is is part of your ethical and philosophical obligation or your religious obligations. But this idea of like what we owe each other or what we owe society, this society we've been lucky enough to be born into, that side of the coin does feel like something we're having trouble talking about. >> I think a way to think about this is that traditionally the left struggles to recognize the reality of individual responsibility and the right struggles to recognize the reality of collective responsibility. M >> so the right is often unwilling to say if you fall through the cracks of society and you need help it is on us to help you because this world this society this country is not fair and the people who made it had a lot of luck and the people who failed had a lot of bad luck. Everything from being born with predelections to intense mental illness to being born into an abusive family to losing a job during a recession that was not their fault and took them off the path to being in a place where the housing prices spiked up and they couldn't afford their home and they were evicted. There is a lot that happens to people that is not their fault. The left in part because of that has been increasingly more tentative about recognizing the dimension of our lives that are under our control. And this has been a tension that different politicians I think have managed with different levels of success. Bill Clinton very famously was one way that he really tried to reform the Democratic party was to put questions of individual responsibility more at its center both in his rhetoric and in policies like welfare reform. Now I am actually not somebody who believes welfare reform was done well. I'm not against the underlying concept they were trying to do. I think they did it very very badly. And so I think that that policy was actually a failure. But the politics Bill Clinton was trying to uh achieve and remember he's running at a time when Republicans have won the last three presidential elections in a row in part because the public doesn't trust Democrats to demand enough of the people the Democrats are trying to help is quite successful. Obama also has more of this dimension to his politics. And there's a backlash to this with Obama, a feeling that he's practicing responsibility politics, a sense that he is too bought in on a a sort of an ethic of of of individual responsibility and he's telling, you know, young black men to pull up their pants and and and father their children. And this creates a kind of backlash. And then comes Trump. And one I think underrecognized effect Trump had on the Democratic party was to it it led to a lot of people on the left saying well they don't have to compromise on anything nor do we. And this isn't quite right as a read of Trump on policy because he throws overboard the Republican party's opposition or or support for Medicare privatization and support for social security cuts. He does moderate on certain issues and that helps him trade at least in the the way the public thinks of it. But in terms of the way he talks and in terms of what he is willing to embrace, he's completely no holds barred. And he shows that you can do things in politics that people thought you couldn't and still win. And so there's a sense that that needs to be mirrored and that lesson needs to be absorbed. And the ways in which Democrats were trying to balance the contrasting impulses and values of the society they thought they sought to lead were concessions to another side that is making no concessions to us. And I think as a matter of politics that has proven to be unsuccessful, that if you want to build a majority big enough, a tent big enough to keep the illiberal right a lot more at bay than it has been, you have to absorb some of the values of people more to your right who just look at the state of the country around them. And you know, if you're in say California or San Francisco or Los Angeles where all of a sudden Spencer Pratt of all people has a real chance at the mayorship and the reason he does is that people look around in Los Angeles and they see, you know, tents on their streets and people, you know, [ __ ] in their front yards and they say, "I'm being asked to pay high taxes and this is what I'm getting for it." >> Yeah. I'm being asked to be a normal like contributing member of society and I'm being told that nothing can be done about these trailers lined up with trash all around them on my street. And you can hold, as I do, a view that you want to treat people who are homeless with compassion and also recognize that there is a responsibility to maintain order in a society. And there are places like San Francisco, although not so much now under Daniel Lurie and Los Angeles where the feeling was that the the the order was allowed to crack. That was also true at the border with the number of migrants coming in under Biden. And so good politicians balance the things that they and their side believe and also some amount some tincture of the contrasting impulses because this is a complicated society where people believe many things and they need to know that you at least see their perspective and are able to hold it somewhat in your own views. And Bill Clinton was a masterful balancer. Barack Obama was a masterful balancer and the leaders who have come after them have not been. And that is part of what allowed Trump to come back into power. >> That's such a revealing phrase, too. Oh, you're just practicing responsibility politics. As though that would be a thing that like most people when they hear that phrase wouldn't be like that sounds like a good thing. You know, it's like one of those sort of shibilis that kind of reveals an assumption that although probably comes from a good place and if you actually sort of broke it down and saw what they meant, you'd largely agree. It sounds like a good thing to to your average person. It sounds like a very good thing. So, you know, the the debate on around this like has to do with the ways in which arguments about cultural breakdown were weaponized against black communities that had been the subjects of enormous amounts of predatory American policy which kind of pushed them into more breakdown. And it's interesting because now over time you've seen those same things happening in in white communities and JD Vance and others respond with tremendously more compassion >> than a lot of empathy and a lot of uh explanation. >> So so there was a so there there was a feeling that you know these questions of you know kids sagging their pants was a distraction from the need to have jobs programs and healthcare and and so on. But for Obama who believed in the jobs programs and the healthcare to also maintain in his politics a recognition that how we act individually matters and how the leaders and icons in our society expect us to act also matters. That's not just good politics. That's just I think being a human being. I mean my my view basically is that I want the government to treat people like luck really matters and I want people to treat themselves like individual responsibility really matters. >> Yes. And leaders have to do two things at once. They have to create the policy that is the structure of society, the physical material structure and they have to speak to the values that undergard that structure in society. And so a good politician has to be able to bring those two things into alignment. >> Yeah. And then and then you have to understand how sort of normal people see things and experience things and what they what they expect, right? and and how often times you think, you know, you're expressing something and it's going to come off one way one way and it actually comes off as the exact opposite way. That level of savvy is really important. >> I think that's right. And that's why good politicians have a touch for politics and why politicians who spend too much time on social media lose that touch because they cease to represent the way most people think and act. and become brain poisoned by these really warped and perverted engagement caves that they and all their friends are locked into together and some of us are locked into. And it's not that these things when people say Twitter exits on the real world, it's not the real world. It affects the real world though because it reshapes the people in it and those people affect the real world and they begin to see the world through those enmities and through those collisions. Well, that that goes to where we're talking about with self-improvement, which is like look, most people are not thinking about politics. They're not thinking about world events. They're thinking about how they can lose 10 pounds or they're thinking about how they can, you know, get through to their kids or they're thinking about, you know, just sort of basic human dayto-day stuff. And you know, they're going to go to the people that that make it clear that they understand what that is. And if those people happen to be actually, you know, sort of sliding a political agenda into that messaging, that's where they're going to sort of embibe a lot of their political views. You do not want to abandon the not just the language, but the belief in personal aspiration. Yeah. To the right. Because aspiration is a very powerful human force. Most of us want to be better tomorrow than we are today. And we might fail, but we try again and again and again and again. And if you treat that as politically suspect or immature, you're going to sever your connection to a like a fundamental human drive. I want to be better tomorrow than I am today. >> Yeah. You know, I work out and I [laughter] eat protein in the morning and the whole [ __ ] thing. And those are just it's just really potent. I think that it's interesting the the right I think has more was more comfortable the discourse of personal improvement. >> Yeah. >> And the left more comfortable with the discourse of healing. M >> and so if you think about what left self-help looked like, you know, in the kind of past decade or two, it's much more therapeutic. >> It's not that it doesn't have a language of aspiration becoming better, but it's more about healing from the way you've been wounded. >> Yeah. >> And it's, you know, and at times like moving into the space of psychedelics and other things, but more often, you know, you hear a lot about boundaries and I'm not against any of that, right? I have a therapist. But I I I do believe you ended up with a a kind of >> a feminine and masculine like split in what kinds of self-help and approach were considered okay. And and the right to its discredit also was dismissive of that. In the same way the the left was often dismissive of of the more kind of self-improvement approach. And again, I don't mean to keep coming back to this, but I do believe that one of the things that you need to do, and and maybe this goes back to what we're saying about the way I approached my show at the beginning, is you are trying to absorb enough of lots of perspectives of society that they all make at least a bit of sense to you. >> Yeah. >> So, you can begin to balance them in your own worldview. And that's why maybe when I'm in a conversation where I really disagree with somebody, I don't find it, not only do I not find it difficult, I mean, I can find it difficult. I don't want to say it never happens, but there is something of the gift in it to me because I'm trying to have this worldview where the way they feel makes sense to me. So, I can pull 15% of that worldview into my own model of the world. And it doesn't mean I have to agree with them, but I don't want to be insensitive to how the world feels to them because probably at least some part of how it feels to them makes sense and comes from somewhere. And I need to be able to find that that that motivation and that path legible even if I don't find the place that brought them agreeable. So, I got to ask you about this then and we'll we'll play the clip, but I thought it was so interesting when you had Gavin Newsome on your podcast, the governor of California. You famously at the end of the episodes, you talk about some books the guest would recommend to the audience and he brings up Mark Selius's meditations. I hate to bring this book up because it's such a universal obvious book. I had never read it. I've had 10 copies. I finally picked it up off the off the shelf. I'm like, what the heck? Meditations from Marcus Aurelius. Perhaps there's never been more important and impactful words ever written and they were written by the most powerful leaders in the world. Thousands of years doesn't do it for me. >> And I think you said something like, "I've read it. It just didn't do it for me." So, wa walk me through why it didn't do it for you. I'm I'm fascinated to hear. >> I will I will say I was a little bit just teasing Governor Newsome. He's gotten into podcasting and in immediately like, well, I'm into the Stoics now, >> of course. >> Which is good for him, right? It's actually good. I think good politics and one thing I respect about uh the governor is that he is actually it's what that whole episode that I did with him is about. It's like what are you learning from all these conversations you're having with people on the right and Gen Z you know video game streamers and like how are you absorbing that into your own politics in one way I think is he's reading Marcus Aurelius. It has been a little while since I read Aurelius I should say but I I often find the Stoics and I I'm I'm here with Mr. Mr. Stoicism himself to be a little bit too declarative about how you should approach life as opposed to practiceoriented about what it would require to develop that capacity to approach life that way. And I'm not saying that there are no exercises anywhere in stoicism or even that Marcus Aurelius, who I believe would start every day by repeating to himself a little mantra about all the people who are going to act ungenerously and uncharitably and insensitively to him and how he wanted to treat them that that there's nothing to the way he approaches life. But sometimes I find Aurelius to be aspirational for people to read because they would like to act that way. I think I found it this way myself without actually being all that helpful to read because they have not built the or I have not built the emotional and perceptual musculature to actually respond that way. That's what I that that's what I would say. But it is a soft feeling as opposed to a coming mostly from a a joke rather than a I'm not anti- Aurelius. >> No, no. I think I think it's really interesting. I think it's a fair critique. The irony of you picking up on that is like I think the declarative sentence or the view is in a way the practice right we tend we because we have meditations this one book we think oh this is him writing down what stoicism is as opposed to a capturing a brief period in his life we don't know when he started we don't know when he finished him reminding himself of what stoicism is the book is the byproduct of the practice which was the journaling. And so there's something interesting about it where as a reader 2,000 years later, you're like, well, that's easy for you to say. And it's like, what actually wasn't easy for him to say? He was saying it to himself again and again and again because it's so [ __ ] hard. I think that's a good read of that book, which I I I would expect from you. I also [snorts] think it's funny it's called meditations. It's not funny, but but I always think about how, you know, meditations has these two very different meanings. Yes. >> And you know, one way meditations like I'm offering you a meditation on something is used is I'm telling you what I think about the thing. >> And obviously the other use of the term meditation more as a a verb and a practice is I am trying to sit without being so reactive and caught up in what I think about something. M >> and for me who can become very caught up in what I think about things and tell telling telling stories that I believe first. >> Yeah. >> The practice that has been more transformative for me is of the second sort. I am a I've meditated for a long time and I put a lot of day-to-day work not into into actually trying to unconvince myself of my view of events. >> Yeah. >> And that's not to say one is better than the other. It is actually more to say that different people need different things and and that's been more the path that has been resonant for me. Well, also though, like that practice doesn't leave much in the way of a historical record, right? So, like >> there's an interesting line in meditations where he's like, "Dude, you got to put down the books and the journals and go do this stuff, right?" And so, you could imagine that he does that and then there's a six-month period where he doesn't write anything down cuz he's doing it, but that obviously that gets fast forwarded over as blank space, right? And so I do wonder I I think about this too, like if I'm if I'm sitting and I do all the ridiculous sort of wellness things too. If I'm in a sauna or a cold plunge, I'm not thinking about philosophy. I'm trying to not think about stuff like the the practice of sort of getting all this stuff out of my head and just being present for a moment. In a way, that's the real work. But that doesn't create the stuff that's sharable or talkaboutable or that doesn't get translated and re-ransated for 2,000 years. Let let me ask you something and this is coming from a place of genuine ignorance. I've read a little bit of stoicism but but not enough to feel confident that I understand it. My pop sense of stoicism and and certainly the way it is brought forward in the culture is that what it is describing is a way of being buffeted by life without feeling buffeted by life, without getting so entangled in these waves of pain and sentiment and glory. and and and and collapse that there's supposed to be a kind of steadiness at the center of it. Is that fair? >> I think so. It's steadiness at the center. And maybe my critique of some of the eastern stuff is like look, it's easy to be centered in a in a 10day silent meditation retreat. Like not not easy, not easy cuz that's a lot of work. I'm just saying like by removing the stimuli, it's easy to be less stimulated. And I think what I take from the stoics as being important and relevant particularly in today's world is like Marcus Aurelius is trying to keep an even keel in the most stressful job in the world right Epictitus is trying to think about inner freedom when he is literally enslaved. Senica has the worst boss in the world in in in Nero. And so these are people in the center of busy noisy lives. They have ambitions. They have relationships. They have a lot going on. When they're talking about, you know, focusing on what you control, when they're talking about not getting too high and low, they obviously mean this inside the the the context of a full and busy and active life as opposed to none of this matters. Detach from everything. So the the place I I would go with this again is it's where my head we're talking the day after I just got to have one of my favorite interviews I've ever done with the the Buddhist nun Pemma which was such a pleasure for me. But one thing that I sometimes worry about and I don't really want to be in the anti stoism for but but but I want to come on the podcast and and play with it >> is I think and I think this actually particularly afflicts men. >> There can be too much of a desire to either not feel what we're really feeling or not act like we're really feeling it. And I have certainly struggled with that. And one thing and and this is sort of different from the question of silent meditation retreats. But one thing that I have been working much much more with as simple as it sounds, but I don't really think it is that simple to do is to really feel what I'm feeling and to really be with it. And that's not to say to act from it. maybe in terms of where stoicism goes and where these you know practices go are not that dissimilar. In fact, I think a lot of paths and end end up taking you to a similar point. But one I think space where I have at least sometimes not connected to what I have read of stoicism or the way it is often presented to me is for me actually the impulse to be stoic can be self-destructive and if anything is overdeveloped whereas I have really had to get to a point where I am willing to feel the full range of what I'm really feeling, willing to be less afraid of the things I'm really feeling in order to go into places that I otherwise could not go because it actually would break my stoicism. And you know, look, I'm in my 40s now and I'm still learning this [ __ ] And so I don't want to frame that necessarily as a critique of stoicism because I'm sure there's a lot I mean, it's a lot of different people doing a lot of different things. But I I do think because you've also been talking about self-improvement and and some other dimensions of this that one thing I think people in in our society struggle with a lot is just I think they're insufficiently embodied. >> Mhm. >> And the ability to distract ourselves from how we're feeling by looking at a screen or by taking a drug or by, you know, absorbing some other kind of stimuli is too high. And and and we actually do disconnect much more than we even realize we have with how we are feeling. and being willing to actually feel it and just like sit with it and let it be there and not run from it. Not because you're and not in a sense where you don't get high or low like you can get higher or low, but for it to be okay to be high and low. >> Yeah. >> Has at least for me been a really significant dimension of my work as a as a person and frankly like as a you know political figure. >> I think I think that's totally right. And and and the Stokes do have sort of a wide ranging view of emotions. It's certainly not all like stuff it down and pretend you don't feel it. I think in my life it's like getting more in my body about yeah like love or don't want to say the emotions that matter but but like there there are a bunch of emotions I need to get more in touch with. And part of the way to do that is to see how much energy and time is going into emotions like anxiety or jealousy or desire, you know, the these other things that we have that sort of take up a lot of space in our lives and are often when you sort of really put them up for review based on, you know, very little and certainly have very little constructive value. I know we got to wrap up, but I have three books I want to recommend to you very quickly. >> Oh, wonderful. >> I'm very I'd be very curious if you've read any of these. Okay, so you mentioned Pemma. Have you read Karen Armstrong's biography of Buddha? >> Long time ago. Probably did not read it fully then either. I I think this book is incredible for similar reasons as you were just saying about Pemishodan where the perspective of a person earnestly in one spiritual tradition writing very openly and curiously about another spiritual tradition. That that combination is very very powerful. >> I went through a big Karen Armstrong phase in college. Her stuff is amazing. >> Okay. All right. Well, so the first one you already read. >> No, I'm not sure if I fully So Okay. >> Uh oh, this book is great. No problem. >> Have you read this? Yeah. >> Okay. I thought this was incredible. So good. >> So good. All right. Well, then if you've read this one, then the other one I would give you is Papyrus by Irene Vallejo, which is basically about the notebook. But basically, this book starts in the 1400s about sort of renaissance. >> Did you find this book though made you feel bad? >> For what? In what way? >> Cuz look at the way all these people kept their notebooks. Look at their their beautiful sketches in them. I mean, I keep a notebook and it's actually really important to me to keep things on paper. It's part of why I was interested in that book. And then I opened it and I felt like so small and my handwriting is so bad. And I'm not doing diagrammatic sketching of anything and I almost never see a leaf and put up a perfectly done botanical. [laughter] It made me feel so bad about my penmanship. My handwriting gets worse by the day. It is quite terrible. I don't do any drawings or sketches though. I guess I guess I didn't think about that. I wish I had. Journaling is one of those habits that I wish I'd started earlier, you know, and I [clears throat] don't think there's anyone that journals that's like I wish I'd started this later. >> Uhhuh. Okay. So, let's see if you can go three for three. Have you read this? This is a very old one. >> No, I've not read this. >> This is The Lion and the Fox, the first political biography of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. >> That sounds great. >> Yeah. I I think you know we tend to think of presidents as these sort of great men of history and we often so we're interested in what was their mother like how were they when were they born moving up the ladder to greatness but we often underplay their political acumen which it strikes me as something you talk a lot about a companion book I would give you is President Lincoln by William Lee Miller which is a political biography of Lincoln >> as a politician. When is that FDR when published? Because I think it's a really really underrated thing that people should read older books than they do. >> When I am researching, I almost always try to find old out of print books on Amazon. Those are my favorites because >> I agree. And it's so easy now with Amazon and and Abooks. You can get such treasures. >> This is 1956. >> Yeah. So So it's nearer to him, right? I mean, now we have more documentary evidence, but I do think there's something about being nearer to these figures. >> I would love to read that. I will I will go find that one. >> So often we think of him as this moral figure or we think of him as the voice on the radio and obviously Carol does this well in in his Lyndon Johnson biography, but we don't think about them as a guy whipping votes, right? We don't think about this as a guy getting political leverage. I think uh Doris Kern's Goodwin's The Bully Pulpit is another good example of this. The contrast between Taft and Roosevelt, their understanding of the media. I think the left particularly seems to have just taken this idea that being morally correct about the issue is sufficient to win as opposed to being good at not just communicating it but then realizing that vision on a policy and public level. That's what great politicians do. >> Yeah, I think there's a lot of truth to that. >> All right, I think you'll like this one. I'm glad I went uh one for three, but uh >> I I'm not sure if I read the Karen Armstrong one. I was like when you put it up I was like trying to remember if I've if that's one of the ones of hers. I read her biography of Jesus and I think I've read her one on she has one on Muhammad doesn't she? >> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. >> Yeah. I think I've read that but I'm not I'm not sure if I've read her Buddha one. So you might be two for three. I I I'm just trying to literally remember what what I've got of hers. This was super fun man. I really appreciated it. >> Yeah. Thanks for taking the time.