Spreading the news The role of individuals, social networks and sociocultural variability in the sp

[Music] foreign good evening everyone nice to see you here really nice to see what colleagues new friends in this marvelous place at the Queen's University in Belfast I'm Alexandra Anders members of the scientific Committee of the EA annual meeting in Belfast it's my honor to present to you today's Keynote speakeroshi is an assistant professor at The Institute of archaeological Sciences at osloor and University in Budapest in Hungary she's an expert in the Neolithic and coverage of the carpesian Basin and focuses on various social archaeological issues holistic Prestige Goods won a publication award she received items promising researchers award in 2018 she is currently leading two major research projects one of them aims to model the spread of early copper artifacts and the technology of methodology from Southeast to Central Europe additionally she is the PA of the momentum Innovation research Group which explores the factors that affected the spread of Innovations with the goal of understanding the transmission of technological know-how and of which factors influenced these Transmissions thanks to her multidisciplinary interest and cooperation Network her name is also well known among leading research institutes and labs she is very active member of the EA Community as a presenter or session organizers since the meeting in zadar in 2000 we have known each other for quite a long time we are colleagues at The Institute and we have co-served several papers and who have co-edited various volumes the situation of young female researchers is not easy anywhere in the world but they have not easy in anywhere in the world but they have to work particularly hard in Eastern Europe to break through the glass ceiling juja is one of the few who have been able to do so through her Talent determination commitment to science and Archeology and the warm support of her family the keynote speakers are Scholars who were selected to be representative of EAA membership and because there are fascinating areas of research spend many aspects of the conference teams this was the case with Regina to the motto of the series am is weaving narratives telling stories about the past or will demonstrate how we can write a perceptive Narrative of individual communities and local diversity in the fifth Millennium BCA come and spread your news from the coverage the stage is yours thank you Alexandra this uh very nice introduction their clicks the organizers first of all I would like to say thank you for the invitation it is a it is a great honor to give a keynote lecture here in Belfast I'm very much grateful for the opportunity to present to you a new research group we have already seen many exciting presentation today and I hope our work our work below the rose your interest the more existence of an independent coverage has been debated among European research European archeology since the 19th century the increasing number of pure Capital objects European collections LED some local researchers mainly where Pro copper was available to insert a new period between terms and sneotic and Bronze Age the copyright ference polski's Earth fits well into this European context he argued for the existence of an independent coverage in 1883 based on copper and gold artifacts from Hungary and then recently found storhoff horde in the first half of the 20th century where Golden Child linked the technological development of archaeological periods and Metallurgy a craft specialization to the rise of complex societies according to child's definition and narrative archaeological cultures were analytical units and active agents of prehistoric processes as we all know in the second half of the 20th century the new archeology reformed the definition of archaeological culture and highlighted some of its basic conceptual problems however the notion is still widely used following the new paradigm corner and few argued for an autonomous coverage in Southeastern Europe which emerged independently from the near East review based his idea on the exploitation of local sources of copper room materials and the surprisingly rich Rich Cemetery in Varna supported by radiocarbon dating at that time this idea was revolutionary he plays the spread of metallurgical innovation in an economic and social context and considered the large quantities of copper artifact as Prestige Goods healing the beginnings and spread of Metallurgy to the emergence of chieved arms and social inequality reviewed that the production of metal objects required specialized Craftsman for which a society must be capable of surplus production and was controlled by Chiefs processorist archaeologists focus on the study of individuals identities micro histories and site-centered studies from the 1980s however from this point we must talk about parallel archeologies perspectives and trends Regional or macroscale investigations which use the traditional definition of archaeological culture implicitly or explicitly still existed almost 10 years ago Christians and showed in an excellent paper that big data and expressive development of scientific analytical methods primary the ancient DNA led to a paradigmatic shift again in archaeological research thanks to these new methods now we can see how small or large-scale Mobility as the neuralization or the amnia impact reshape the European continent's history these analysis or the frequently considered archaeological culture as an analytical unit this approach has been widely and severely criticized Big Data big stories but individual decision right history even the post-procession and biosocial Archeology is created methodology to study individual life is the different perspectives have have been really applied together the fact that we do not Define what we mean by the spatial and temporal distribution of material culture is the basis of misunderstanding we do not make a clear difference between the patterns of production use and deposition of objects we do not focus on interpersonal relations and differences in access to knowledge and information when we discuss the distribution patterns of certain elements of material culture pay less attention to whether distribution pattern is equal to a certain social unit and if yes which unit it is in my presentation I will argue for the need to develop a multi-scaler approach building from the smallest social units the individuals via the communities and the local scale to the micro Regional and Regional scare to understand how individual decisions relative history forming Transformations we need a multi-scaler and integrative approach that uses uses real social entities the coverage was the age of Innovations these period so the birth and spread of many historic technological innovations across Europe these include the spread of Metallurgy the invasion of the weird wheeled vehicles and animal attraction The increased consumption of diary products and the processing of wool except for Metallurgy Andrew described them as the secondary products Revolution his theory has been refined since since then the emergence of these Innovations did not occur together but it is still still true that eventually they were compiled into a package that shaped human history so the question is how we can better understand the spread of these Innovations and how we can detect individual decisions and real social interactions Beyond them the Carpathian Basin played a key role in the spread of these Innovations because it's geographical location provides a natural link between Southeastern and Central Europe the Danube and its tributaries offer an excellent use for communication and transportation the great Hungarian plain is the westernmost boundary of the Eastern European step by transa Nubia is linked to Central Europe therefore what is now Hungary is a natural linking point between large areas copper mines the attitude at least 5500 5300 BC and now from present-day Serbia and Bulgaria targeted argument are hematological research has revealed many details about the local methodology and the organization of the production contrary to the previous assumptions no special furnace was needed to smelt copper a little a simple pit was sufficient the key to the process was was cooperation in other words instead of individuals specialization within the community and individual Workshops the entire community of the settlement participated in metallurgical activities if we can talk about secret knowledge it was a secret of the community part of the community's identity the social identity forming significance of Metallurgy and copper objects is reflected in the groups of miniature anthropomorphically figurines excavated as trickness to Brina in Serbia recent multidisciplinary studies on the Varna symmetry should new light on copyright Elite the rheumatological analysis of gold artifacts and the complex interpretation of anthropological Studies have led to to the conclusion that the graves which are extremely rich in world objects including God imitations of the godsmiths tools may have been the graves of goldsmiths these people could have been involved in not only the production of these objects but also their Exchange in other words it was the Craftsmen themselves rather than a separate Elite who organized the transmission of the objects they made briefly we can see a differentiation of knowledge in the fifth millennium BC a high level specialized knowledge of craft craftsmanship appeared at several places throughout the continent and was accompanied by a long-distance distribution of its product that can be regarded as Prestige objects used the innovation of Metallurgy as an example of of his famous paper in which he highlighted the importance of studying the spread of Innovations he implemented average sociological study into archaeological research in the last decade researching to Innovations has become a leading field in archeology however neural Complex Motor has been developed so far which would integrate the results from different fields to explain why Innovation and more broadly knowledge transfer has spread rapidly in some areas and slowed down and stirred in others but social factors help or hinder the transfer of information and knowledge who and and how creates those social networks through which Innovations spread and how are they maintained one of the reason for the lack of a comprehensive explanatory model is that archaeological research either focuses on the flow of information between individuals at the side level on the spread of significant Innovation Innovations on a continental scale this is because there is no methodological and theoretical framework that could connect the different levels and explain how human interactions between individuals became become Global historic events and how we can link this to the available archaeological record in material culture studies the channel Preparatory approach has long been used to detect each step in the manufacture and reveal the scarce and knowledge of the manufacturer using this methodology we can trace the teaching and learning processes the real interpersonal relations and communities of practice thanks to the wide range use of analytical methods we we now have the opportunity to reveal the traces of individual knowledge skills and their differences among among individuals and communities as well in what follows I will demonstrate how different narratives can be created using such a multiscaler approach building from the bottom up instead of using the archaeological culture the homogeneous analytical unit examples will be shown from the coverage of the Carpathian basin the cultural and chronological framework of the area Middle Corporation Hungary seem to be clearly outlined by the end of the 20th century after the abandonment of late neotic tests on the great Hungarian plane a new fine Motorola culture appeared around 4500 BC it was a company by the appearance of the first former cemeteries and heavy copper twos and biodispersed settlement pattern the copper age lasted until 4000 BC consequently it was both cultural and a chronological period or unit Define material called culture seem to be its immediate cultural and chronological descendant it was represented by the appearance of God ornament and heavy copper twos in Greater months and accompanied by The Continuous change of pottery forms and decorations this chronological period the middle coverage lasted on tiers 3600 BC its second part was separated and called catcher based on primary the changes of pottery moreover this was the period when the first traces of local Metallurgy appeared birth and great Hungarian plain and transdanubia the beginning of the transdanubian capriage was not soup was not such a profound to change the landia complex survived albeit with less intensity than in the late neotic the middle coverage volatola senior culture was characterized by a dance network of small form-like settlements and was as rich in matters as the Border cholesterol capture on the great Hungarian plain in the second half of the middle cap rate is characterized by the sporadic settlements of the food handshake Pottery culture with central European relations and there were chases of local metallurgy this traditional culture historical perspective would think in terms of homogeneous pressure and temporary units as archaeological captures and it describe their unilinear uniform development on the whole great Hungarian plane and transdambia the first signs showing problems with the system appeared in the 2000s when large-scale excavations revealed two cemeteries the fully excavated Cemetery in Heidelberg Ser May Feature Feature contain disappear style pottery and was dated with EMS measurements to between 4350 and 4250 BC another Cemetery Equity Forever by 2 was discovered with the Bedrock arrestor style Pottery gold and copper ornaments and heavy copper twos its EMS dates were surprisingly old LED it to the same period we can see the two symmetries which according to the traditional system should have followed each other in time might have been contemporary therefore it was clear that we need to reconcile reconsider our conceptual Frameworks to describe the copper age therefore together with parotsky we took further EMS measurements and we interpreted them with biasing modeling we found that the dating of the disappear style did not did not change as much as the assemblage is represented by budrocare student porterist style which were dated to a much earlier period than it was expected before the results suggested that the former system of successive phases of disappear again store catchers cannot be maintained anymore because these ceramic Styles might have been partially contemporary therefore are starting my postdoc research project in light of these new results in 2012 and I focused on three strongly Related Group of questions the problem of dating the space and the problem of cultural and stylistic units my colleague Martin silagi joined me in this project and his task was the systematic evaluation of pottery styles using a uniform statistics-based stylistic analysis during this project we built up our model from the smallest units as Graves or pits via the sites to microagents and regions and they bear different contradictory models we use all together more than 100 AMS measurements in by Asia modeling if we study the use of deep different styles in the context of space and time on the great Hungarian plane we can witness a contemporaneity of different Pottery stars and a continuous spread of the Bedrock arrestor style it seems evident that what we call the disappear style appears earlier than the bodrokera's tour style based on these results we can observe the contemporaneous use of various Pottery Styles at different sites on the great Hungarian plain instead of homogeneous unit of archaeological cultures the picture becomes more complicated by the fact that it is usually not easy to make a difference between the disappear again and modro caress tour Styles instead a mixture of different proportion of the element occurs on several sites models restore style appeared 130 to 230 years earlier on the great Hungarian plane then the disappear style disappeared due to the multi-level modeling we can even see the spread of boudre store Style on the plane we can witness the variability of styles in material culture Mortuary practice and settlement pattern in a regional in a regional level on the plane the regional homogeneity as disappear and Woodrow crestour catchers cannot be maintained anymore in a time interval that can be studied nowadays moreover the first appearance of a step origin barrier makes this picture even more colorful an important consequence is is that if we try to maintain the regional unit of archaeological culture it would hide a variability that we can currently witness in the use of material culture I think that we can find traces of overlapping complex social networks of individuals forming communities behind this variability in the material culture and archaeological features and this is much more realistic picture we can Recon reconstruct the life of past communities only if we try to reconstruct the real significant social unit at every level and we try to reconstruct their social networks and social interactions every Community is built up of individuals with multiple and multiple level identities as age gender kinship rituals and so on these communities can be formed on a local level or on the basis of interactions between individuals who are connected with some common features therefore we cannot expect that we will be able to reveal clearly separated units by this but this complex subtle network of social relations can be explained by the Mosaic variety of archaeological data in the following I wish you this complexity using the example of the board of directorside 1C a settlement of three buildings and several pits and a contemporary Cemetery of 79 Graves was revealed both were totally excavated and there was a dividing empty space between them this fortunate situation provided as a unique opportunity opportunity to study how material culture was used in various archaeological contexts a single barrier was found in the settlement contemporary with the oldest griefs in the cemetery at first glance the barrier right is identical to that scene in the cemetery but the left side laying is a female characteristic by the by the long Bohemian flind blade is a mere characteristic anthropological studies revealed that the deceased was an adult wear it is striking that the decoration of the pottery Pottery grave Goods is of excellent quality which makes them more similar to the settlement's pottery even if we do not know exactly why this person was buried in the settlement instead of the Symmetry it is certain that the rules of the community made this situation possible two special groups can be distinguished in the cemetery the Western group is the older one the Eastern group is a little younger the whole asymmetry is used can be estimated for 130 years at most among the grave Goods in the older group both type plastic plastic decoration occurred all three grips with Pottery of different Stars can be dated between approximately 4 350 and 4250 BC which can be explained either by a sudden change in the use of pottery Styles or these styles were used contemporary at least in a scale that we can detect now one of the richest Graves was a symbolic one it was found in the center of the Western Group surrounded by an empty area the grave contains all significant symbolic objects but gold Dubai work and copper acts the special welcome by facial Leaf point the long volcanian Stone blade indicating long distance connections and the Triangular arrowheads and milk Jack are typical of local barriers on the great Hungarian plain we interpret this grave as a symbolic representation of the community's relationships the differences between the use of material culture at the settlement and the cemetery is striking the quality of the vessels the forms and their frequencies are different in the settlement and the Symmetry the so-called milk Jacks were mostly placed into the graves and hardly deposited in the context of the settlement in contrast with the 18 copper artifact and further gold ornaments found in the cemetery no trace of metallurgical activity was revealed in the settlement based on the chemical composition Atlanta isotope analysis the objects were made of high Purity copper or driving from the biochem mines according to Norbert farago the few nap students found in the settlement were made of local materials many nap stones from the cemetery could be associated with the Virginia and fruit type raw material from 400 or 450 kilometers Northeast of Records forever further objects were made of obsidian or limnosis originating in the Tokai mountains an extraordinary piece by facially reduce Leaf point from the symbolic barrier was made of biochem Flint originating more than 800 kilometers away from Bulgaria the twos were most likely made as well during the evaluation and the refitting test of the Bohemian Flint traces of several noodles were found but no conjoining pieces could be identified this may prove that these pieces came together from the same Workshop summarizing the results of their Equity forever case study the difference between the settlement and cemeteries material was surprising it is also striking how different identity types appear in the two context two very visible identities appeared in the cemetery the smallest one the individual and any as an interesting dichotomy the largest one because the cemetery was also the place of the most distant connections and the emergence of large identity groups in contrast with it the settlement seems to be a different word a parallel reality with a completely different dynamism no distant connections or stylistic separation is observable in the settlement material for us however the main lesson was the variety of almost all after effect types or phenomena the concept of site history made all these observations possible top down modeling and using the concept of archaeological culture would have obscured much of this diversity going further from the side to the micro Regional and Regional level we conducted a similar site-based approach and besides local variability we also detected shared traditions style and decorations can be easily copied and rapidly changed Esther Show and I started to analyze the ceramic fashioning sequences because these appear to be more resistant to change forming gestures become water habits during the learning process the Decatur and the learner are always socially related does the set of technical Traditions are shared and transmitted over time with a socially related communities of practice this is true for not only Ceramics but any other crafts this is why the channel Preparatory reproach is the relevant methodology to reveal the learning processes and detect the set of skills and shared knowledge as there is an analyzing the requisite Forever by to assemblages and other contemporary sites on the great Hungarian plain in her PhD dissertation the frequent forming techniques that occur in large quantities on the sides refer to a common set of technical Traditions that strongly defined the way of doing of The Potters the universal distribution of these techniques independently from the ceramic Styles suggests a common social network what is more different probably non-local Traditions can be also detected on the site with bedrock arrest or ceramic style these indicate that deporters in these settlements might have had widespread social networks and diverse traditions as we have seen a dense network of small form like settlements was established in the early coverage this small scare agropostale settlements for were economically self-sufficient this suggests that there were closed social ties between the inhabitants of the smaller settlement in a narrower geographical area which determined that they were buried in the same place it is also possible that communities change their residence weekly frequently within an aerial area the results of isotopic studies on individual diet do not show differences by gender and rest so degree of social inequality that would have limited access to basic food sources is unlikely according to strontium isotope analysis the disabled are barriers of hydrography feature and pustach coin adensa sites are of local origin the barriers or in the disappear again Cemetery accompanied by disappear style Pottery are also essentially local here however the barriers with wardrobe restaurant style Pottery included several no locally born male individuals additionally several Mobility patterns were observed there were some who moved here as adults some who had changed their resonance several times during their lives and others who were born here spend their Early Childhood somewhere else and they returned here this suggests the diversity of individual life courses within a settlements within a cemeteries community individuals with greater Mobility tended to have fewer grave Goods than individuals with stronger local connections the trace is a question of the relationship between the mobility of individuals and the youth and deposition of long distance objects could they have been the individuals who were involved in a transmission of long-distance objects perhaps in the transmission of technological know-how no evidence of local Metallurgy has yet been found in a recuperate settlement on the great Hungarian plain and the metal objects have been found typically as three finds whereas grave Goods they only find from a certain context that can be linked to the technology of Metallurgy is a small plum shaped copper Ingot Fund in grave 59 of the cemetery at the supportanya the grave of a 30-35 year old woman with border character style pottery this find also questions the early and implicit assumption that only men were involved in metal working this fight suggests that social contacts with Balkan communities may have led to the sporadic transfer of information and technological knowledge in 2017 I started a comprehensive project to investigate the origin of the raw material for the copper artifacts whether potential sources in the Carpathian Basin were exploited and whether there were differences in the use of sources between transnubia and the great Hungarian plane and whether access to sources change between periods I represent its results related to the topic of the analytical unit and the transmission of technological knowledge according to the distribution of metal artifacts the Border collector culture was said to be a metallurgical Center I think that this this interpretation misses the crucial difference between the consumption deposition and the place of manufacture this is a typical problem and prehistoric archeology uses the concept of archaeological culture if we look into the details we can find that the majority of the copper artifacts are Str are stray funds without any archaeological context therefore we cannot place them precisely in time and frequently quite frequently even in place moreover the boardwalk arrest or culture covers the plane where there are no coupler sources this distributional map usually covers a Vine range of typological forms of axes and edges but from well-documented archaeological find context only yes in these communities only a very limited number of diet men could have had access to these artifacts therefore the question should be what these communities could provide in exchange for long distance artifacts including copper gold and stone artifacts returning to transdanubia another remarkable example of issue as the long distance interactions and various expressions of identities of a copyright community a unique copper horde was honored in 2017. during a preventive excavation in the middle of Southern transdanubia although similar hordes are none from Central Europe there are either stray fonts or were discovered in the 19th early 20th century and later is known about their archaeological context the discovery of The Horde from major regress represents an outstanding opportunity for studying the social role of copper hordes the excavated part of the settlement reveals a well-organized settlement with north northwest southeast oriented buildings huge amorphous pit an area of economic activity and an enclosure based on by using a modeling of EMS measurements the site was used during the second half of the fifth millennium BC The Horde was recovered from a port placed upside down at the edge of a large complex speed complex the pot contained two large spectacle spiral pendants three large spiral bracelets two of which fit together intentionally cut into two halves 19 Spirit coins chords and more than 600 small copper beads as well as almost 300 Stone beats and one spondility speed the manufacturer Technologies the Manufacturing Technologies were revealed by Esther Horvat the Chan operator was highly standardized and certain technological characteristics were shared in case of the different types thin ornaments such as Synergy curb its and tubular spiral coils were made of a single copper sheet thick pieces like bracelets and pendants were constructed by stacking several copper sheets to create a laminate structure which was neroiled or foiled and coiled into a spiral shape the Sheets Were flattened and shaped by hammering standardization is reflected also by objects shapes cylindrical tubular and Superior forms occurred isotope and chemical compositional analysis suggests the probable North Western Carpathian origin of the raw material this is consistent with the archaeological data large spectacles spiral pendants are known from horde or as stray font in the territory of present-day Slovakia the Czech Republic and Austria the very context of the large spectacles period pendant is unknown as these artifacts were never found in Graves the objects that make up the horde were probably made ears were but may have arrived as part of a gift or Prestige exchange between high-ranking individuals no artifacts have been found in the settlement material that suggests local manufacture the making of all the objects of The Horde requires a high degree of skill and the objects must have been of high value the Balkan and the Northwestern Carpathia metallurgical Center centers were different in the sense of product distribution the objects from the back has reached long distances as far as the North Sea by at least some special types made in the Northwestern carpetians were only spread in a smaller area which is called volaton La senior ludenite Jordan of complex this fact might be due to the different operations of the center centers and the different attitudes towards their products this is where we were before our current project next to the generous funding of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences landlord momentum program we could establish a new research group at the end of the last year following the above presented approach we build models from the individuals to the local communities and larger micro and Regional social networks we study the interpersonal relations with the combination of ancient DNA Isotopes and material culture analysis or Metals stones and potteries during this project we pay particular attention to the archerozoological material and avoid range of animal products using this integrative approach and social network analysis we will be able to detect differences in access to raw materials information knowledge and resources and finally Define a set of knowledge that a certain Community shared in summary we find essentially local small-scale communities who maintained intense contact with other small-scare communities based on the objects they placed in their griefs there is a difference in Prestige or rank we carry out the possibility of major population movements that might have played a role either in the beginning of the coverage or in the spread of pathology Mobility is likely to to have occurred only within the plane and over shorter distances for these small scare corporate communities it was essential to form alliances with other similar communities to have access to additional resources to avoid risk and to reach stability there were several ways of doing this organizing communal feasts gifting of prestige goods and building marriage relationships could all help to maintain and strengthen these alliances the small scale communities of the corporate were open colorful and diverse the key to their stability and success was the diverse network of relationships the coordinated cooperation collaboration and information that flowed between the members of these communities Kudos support creativity and emergence or spread of new Innovations the results of this can be seen in the archaeological record thank you for your attention and I would also like to say thank thank you to my colleagues the members of the momentum Innovation research group with whom we would like to contribute not only the investigation of the coverage in the cooperative and business but also wider European prehistory thank you [Applause] foreign [Music]