Science Outreach activity at ICTP for middle school students

and welcome again, um, you found the periodic table there that you will work in pairs, also for the other experiments that we will do. Now we will do a short, very short introduction, I think you have already seen a little in the library, a little about the history of our center, we, um, Valerio has certainly already explained to you that this center has many scientists who come from all over the world, and now I just wanted to show you some numbers so you can see, uh, the scientists, our visitors, where they come from, from all over the world, and you see the numbers, the statistics here, and as you can see, this is a relatively new statistic, um, we have, uh, a focus mainly in Africa to help African countries, also from South America, because as you have certainly heard, the mission of our center is to help developing countries, and we too, now you see, we are from developing countries, there is Umberto who comes from Cuba, the girls here, the colleagues are from Pakistan, like Abdul Salam, as you have seen, Salang was also Pakistani, and I am from Argentina, so also, yes, our colleague from Peru, right, Peru, yes, and yes, mainly, the scientists come from all over the world. from all over with short visits even those who stay longer here so as you can see the numbers are more than 170,000 visits that we have from all 188 countries and as you can see only 20% are women and this is something that we always want to support that women approach science no ok we coin quickly These are the main research areas of the CTP the CTP is a center of theoretical physics so mainly it studies theoretical physics particle physics and mathematics so the group the larger groups study high energy physics astrophysics and cosmology after there is another section that studies condensed matter and statistical physics there is the group the mathematics section our group which is science technology and innovation which as you will see is the part that does more experimental physics ehm next there is the section that does earth physics and a fairly new section which is the one that studies life sciences quantitatively so it also does multidisciplinary like us which does mathematics statistical physics and always aiming at the life sciences so We'll talk about our laboratory, our section called science, technology and innovation, which employs three workers. Three workers are the multidisciplinary Lav, which is the laboratory where advanced instruments for science are digitally manufactured, for example, particle detectors, and they do things that have nuclear applications as well. And in this laboratory, the laboratory of Umberto, our colleague who will now explain, um, his laboratory in particular, which deals with optics, physics, and lasers. After that, we have another other colleagues who do paleontology, archaeology, and the study of cultural heritage. And after that, we have the Marconi love, Marconi love, which would be my laboratory at the Marconi Lab. In the meantime, we study the physics of the ionosphere. Maybe you saw it in elementary school or maybe in the first year of middle school. It's a layer of the atmosphere, really, the uppermost layer, and it's the layer that allows communications and also introduces an error when you interact with GPS, for example, if you have a positioning error, the ionosphere, the state of the ionosphere, for this reason. We study the ionosphere, we have models to predict its behavior, and we also study all the Phenomena that originate in the sun when you heard Maybe about a solar storm solar storm originates when there is Yes a coronal mass ection So there is a piece of the sun that comes towards the Earth and can impact our systems because we are very dependent on technology now so they can malfunction other other things today we will not talk about this today we will talk about more ehm eh fun things In the sense that you can look and touch with your hands no And after at Marconi they also study the the internet of things and also make long distance links in isolated places that do not have internet access and therefore wireless communication technology is used The other the other laboratory you will visit later I think the fabla which is the laboratory that deals with the invention of the of the things that as support for scientists so they have the the the 3D printer also the the the 3D scanner and other things that after you see it you will touch it in your hand is what organizes every year which Fè Ok later Now Umberto will speak he will present a little of the activity and the only thing I want to say as as I said before before that we are from all over the world and in this center we speak mainly English so we usually English is the language of Science no articles are published in English the conferences we peruse Italian because I'm not Italian but no Yes now we are speaking Italian so you eh understand so yes accent some words that are not right otherwise raise your hand if it is not if it is not understandable it is understandable pazen I think you can understand Thanks So as Jenka said today we will have a teaching activity with experimental demonstration first of all to the program of Optics of the HTPI for supporting us with these optical components I say it in English also I would like to Thanks to acknowledge anchor Research program in Optics ICTP SPI for supporting us with the Optical components ok laic physics particle elemental detectors multidisciplinary using automation using Electronics tomography R for the study of Archaeology the laboratory of Optics that We are we are we have the study as we said automation for automation of experiments nuclear physics archaeology and this is our laboratory of optics we have courses every year here in this in this room and we do the spectroscopy and study of materials well to start to start I want to say that today we will study the color of light the nature of light and the behavior of light as a wave and the interaction with matter the polarization of light and some applications and daily phenomena such as polarimetry and rainbow tremors Also the chemistry of the material and the periodic table of the elements First I must say that light has a double nature as a wave particle particle we have here an example of [Music] Asco johanes 169 the first to note that about D comets always point in the direction of Oppa that one of rante this proves the nature of particle of the we can here The blue one is because the sun radiates particles with ion charge But that one is due to the optical pressure of the sun The particle that are not with charge if Red directs in the opposite direction to the sun but the light exerts a pressure on very small particles that the tweezers that he discovered Haut Noel physics 3 years ago for per tramento Trap partic very small particles the Lu It has a force has pre photon has pressure i the force if It represents with the power of light with the energy of light for that They have received the Nobel Prize in Physics for the tramento tramento partic for the creation of the tweezers Optica We talked about pressure at large dimensions comet in this laboratory we had a similar optics for trapping particles in cells because we study the property of a cell when it is trapped if a microscope a charge can study so many this c Ok now let's fly a video that represents the interaction of light with matter before starting our experiments before continuing with the experiments I want to say that Isma Isma Ramna from Pakistan represents presenting the session of Optics of the SP in the student Chapter i student Chapter la Session studying Pakistan of Optics well and Let's start with the first experiment and a student who is a volunteer who helps me come here he was the first the first he was the first Ok you represent everyone well come now Let's start with the shovel shovel in happy well We have a rubber ball we have a rubber ball in this ball Ok you drop the ball well It has energy and the shovel happy the shovel happy no rimb well but Let's suppose that I am a magician and I can do magic I take the energy of the shovel I do this he takes the shovel leave it what happened it changed Ah well well well what did you see I'm not a good magician I 'm not a good magician Magicians do this I saw but that's the magician the magician does and trick no Yes yes tricks no fake fake the for to entertain but that is not it's not magic it's physics it's physics if a good magician you can't see that I hear him put it here he puts it there but the important thing for us is that they use physics this shovel is vulcanized ok no this one no this one is vulcanized and vulcanization It's a process that adds sulfur to sulfur sulfur and with heat it projects the property of the ball to become more elastic and there are many applications that It's chemistry of materials or physics of materials for example application yes Let's see if if you want to make a volleyball ball let's say With which one which one Would you then choose the one that bounces or the one that bounces Ok Well good choice then for the shoes only do you want to be fast light or heavy some want to be heavy others fast Ok light and also jump no Ok then That is to use the one that is completely vulcanized instead an application for the other for the one that absorbs This is the happy one that bounces this Shovel hand Shovel hand all P the hand yes like he played the professor played Pall the hand like the professor Yes but it is more more bigger no instead for the other one application for the other would be for example the bumpers of the car right because with this property it absorbs the impact and therefore receives the impact and not yes it does not bounce it does not move it would be better as you see there for example in these Mach What are they called autoscots Yes ok for that It is important to study the physical chemistry of materials and materials and the study of the polymer that is a polymer a rubber is a polymer that transforms Well well let's talk about the first experiment questions no we can continue with the second experiment Ok The second experiment we have a periodic tables the table of elements Look over there because we are doing now I have a question jenka What that what that what that can you tell me someone mirror that glass but lens withma is silica silico Silicon silico silico silicona is a material like you can drink the number 14 14 the element 14 of the table Yes yes silicon yes it is opaque it is opaque Ok 14 this is used for everything in electronics it is the basis of all All electronics even cell phones computer cameras everything is made with this because it has a property that if it has an electrical conductivity everything uses Silicon But if it can transform if it can transform that Look if you add oxygen the element number 8 oxygen If it becomes S Sil silica is transparent only only metal all Vis after a transformation with a type spico makes a lens a lens is what C uses to take the image Ok the lens makes Imagine yes Yes the phone camera there is a small one a small lens here that is as big as the telescope lens it is very big to take the St of the sun of the Moon For them I work with metamaterial Isma they make very small lenses for microcircuits There are many applications the lens Silo I love the transparency that passes through it I find the lens focuses Ok good like this Sil opaque only there is a refion of the light But If we have infrared light it will pass through it depends on the nature of the light the lens uses for the visible we use that to form images well the next experiment is R ok Translate hello everyone Ok next experiment Ok All of you would have get this Torch and Please have this You have the light and the diffraction net take So What is the color of this Torch Each of you be what color we have With this light Ok white So let Now Stud Another interesting Thing Proper of That is that we can change the color of this to multiple colors that you can see many colors but It is single color but we can see multiple colors equ let's study the property of light With this light that is white if you can divide many colors This is called diffraction of light [Music] and directed with the light so every see many colors you can see many colors like Near the pattern that we see near and in a more distant position and look what and even When you rotate Torch By Your Hand You can also the pattern we can rotate the network This structure Rot Rot regularly Now we have Another interesting Thing for you that is as GL we have for you now the diffraction glasses which are very interesting to see the color of light so Now again you see White many colors of the room you can see colors the light this is a property of light that divides the color the Lu has a wavelength Wave length independent of the wavelength this network of ion can divide the light and m Small graw what we have inside of this network of ion we have a very small regular structure very small size 3 to 5 microns Small on P micr Mic M internal yes Inside this Hole It's very small that you can't see By Your Naked Eye for example a human hair the size is 30 to 50 microns and that is 5 microns we can have 3 4 5 of that inside of a human hair due to small gratings have Light Inside These gratings this Light is split into multiple Colors and this is also the Phenomena due to Which We also can see the rainbow Colors on the sky due to the affection of Light This is the same that we see when when we can You see the rainbow that the colors are different colors of light and what we saw is a photograph of an atomic force microscope is an instrument used in physics to study very small objects like those that cannot normally be seen only with this that is used in the laboratory to study crystals, liquid molecules, cells beyond the phenomena of physics. One moment. Guys, it seems to me that Umberto can we repeat that explanation of the structure that I don't know if everyone was paying attention when I explained it. Ok yes, pay attention now guys, this is important. A Prince, a periodic periodic str, 5 microns. The most important thing that is used is communication. For example, it is communication. Today we have fiber optic communication with lasers of different colors. These lasers transmit information. Each laser has information of a kind, for example, a conversation between two people, but this must be separated after it reaches the end of the fiber. This is done with the diffraction network. This is an application in our daily life. But you have many applications in physics. Let's move on to the next one. Oh yes, I had a question. Wait, next experiment. Oh my God, laser. This will pass. What is a wave, for example? when we have a Petra in the sea we see that this energy transmits energy the energy goes but a Regular wave there is a length of on the same abamo for for the the a wave so only that the length of Wave is very small it is small it is nanometric or a Micro for example depends on the color the color of the light there is a relationship between the color and the Length the wavelength this is a mechanical wave there is mechanical wave is a representation of what we have with light because you can not see the the the light But the polarization light is a combination of an electric field a magnetic field always always look at the electric field that if it propagates like the the Naga wave is the same but if it propagates there is a direction of propagation of oscillation in the whole direction the the Wave is not polarized let's see here let's give like this for example this is a mechanical wave that propagates in the whole space it is a wave with without polarization Ok the same is with this light the same but you can not see but if you can do a polarization of the light for example Yes Yes The wave vibrates in this direction it is called a wave with vertical polarization only in one direction ok or can it also be horizontal horizontal ok This is called a wave with vertical or horizontal polarization here the application How do you do that that if if you can do if it can be done with a polarizer where the polarizer this this is a plastic that has small lines in one direction and when we look at the light like this we make this non- polarized light become polarized in one direction and then look with the second and look that if if the polarizer line is parallel to this we look at the light but if it is perpendicular the light is absorbed not place or we look at the to the colleague we look at the colleague like this Look now but port now no ok here like this Ah no Yes yes good it works now now Ok good good now this bigger but it's the same an application of this for example Isma will make a and now a very small plastic with with with number with letters We have that and we do like a Sand and Ramo and we see how the color changes from blue to green to red because that gives off the light the light the first the first plastic which is a polarizer the light becomes non- polarized to linearly polarized when it passes through that this Lam has defects has different defos inside and the light breaks down into color and that's why we see different colors independenza how is this This defo inside of the of the plastic But this has many applications many applications in polarimetry for example now we have and you with Isma ramna angen you can make a polariscope a polariscope is an instrument that uses two polarizers and the fcha or this cube together we make a pressure shows we make pressure on the teeth of the fork and we see that when we apply pressure shows like this we do and look like this we can have different colors Look apply pressure you like this because pressure the pressure makes a Material the light separates in colch because the light is polarized that is used to study different minerals the structure of different minerals geology for example to study the minerals the structure and for example to study the effect and the construction an example The architectural engineers make a bridge they have to make a long bridge and we need to know this structure be careful for S funen shows look at the color even without pressure if you can look because it is not a perfect structure a gift a gift ours a gift but we need to have this the table we only take the table attention attention now an architectural application makes a bridge a transparent plastic material with the whole structure How is a real bridge made well and it creates tension and with this technique Look at the tension if this part of the bridge is like this in this shape so look and then when he goes to make a real bridge he knows what can happen if he studies the structure before making the bridge an example of a particular application so we have application of chemistry physics mathematics and architecture also medicine and biology all our life is like this for that it is too important to study physics chemistry mathematics school everything You know for our life for the future dear good Now Isma they will do an experiment called the magic patch Magic patch You have blacker in your Ok Lo ok at Me and Let's a Magic blacker and then the Sign blacker are you with me ok first first you have to look at Isma and then you will do ok [Music] ok you see from there do in Great so do you see diff col in this in Black Paper Yes so Where col are Coming from vi Quest this light this color from the exact heat What do you think Which property of Light is Used in this you studied a lot you do different experim What property of light intervenes in this in this experiment what do you think of what you saw No magic The magician Uses that to do magic but that is physics one one only one the light color come because there is a heat maore come D light the reality mro fluidal Inside liqu inside of the paper that you see there are liquid crystals you can see different colors because these liquid crystals are making a selective diffraction of the light so you see some colors and tempure is a BL col Heat Low the when the temperature is high you see the color blue instead when it is low you see the red I This is due to the selective reflection of the light due to the Liquid CRAL or the Liquid enc this is due to the selective reflection that allows these liquid crystals that are enclosed inside the black paper Liquid CQU so Now Now Let's understand the different col with the tempure or the heat Heat so put this Paper on your Yes the vein on the veins more hotter the vein vein yes the Blood hotter this this this experiment we We call the vampire test to know if there is a vampire among [Music] us be so blue you are You are alive yes it is another color if if it is dead there is no color color more paler [Music] more red maybe blue is more hotter because that if it corresponds with temperature is proportional to the temperature hotter more blue green and more less more less temperature this can be used as a thermometer to measure the temperature for example yeah in the yeah So you are using Liquid Crystal in your da Life ok you can have these Liquid Crystal in your da life the life you have you have these can someone tell where we use these liquid crystals tv yes where near you near you near me do my cell phone mobile phone screen computer screen the tv yes TV TV the clock Yes use Liquid every display unit use this Liquid Crystal display liquid crystal monitor inside but I have a question What is a liquid crystal you know a liquid crystal is a very small structure that molecules molecules that have orientation with the electric field with electricity also with heat and are ordered in a regular shape when we make heat or we make a one an electricity or a voltage the structure changes for that changes the refractive index which is a physical property of the material and that also changes the reflection or transmission of light and if it is also used for projection the projector that is used to project a videoconference has a Liquid Crystal together and we also use physics to transform an aser into a different different shape have a question But if we go right into the shade this light what color comes only with light Yes we must have light Ah yes if there is no light you can not see the color because the color comes from the reflection of the light eh Do ok let's do Without light we see that it is difficult to see the color the color comes from the light possible so at Ok now even with these if Look in the dark you can't see anything it's the light that splits into colors that only makes the transformation of light or the liquid crystal how do you study the liquid crystal with an atomic force microscope or with a high resolution microscope you can't see normally they are very small molecules no created created I don't exist in nature no yes El [Music] Dom can you say what property of light is used in this phenomenon liquid crystal of light how we studied diion reflexion refle refle What did you get what is so very simple When Light Come on Something and BCE back just like and light light some OB it B back this to you can This is the line for that we can have our image in a mirror This is a property of light the reflection and the diffraction that we studied with the [Music] glasses you see how you can you can do many important things with the property of light are using Proper from Life you have that life every day every day we see these phenomena cell phone the computer the rainbow and everything Yes you think that the the science is easy yes we work Yes we think yes and we want no well then this was the last experiment Yes there is a question does not reflect absorb what we see that we see are a part of the light that is absorbed a question because that is red Why is it red but it is important only reflect the red light are absorbed the black absorb all the frequencies of light not null now before asking questions I want to ask is to ask a warning a cons some advice for you I like you advice Science because you are young and studying phd Ok ok so Do you like sci Enjoy Do you like Do you like science Yes is there anyone who wants to become an engineer or a scientist physicist mathematical Not yet no one we will see There is still time there is still time also electrician we have to study physics to also do medicine does anyone like medicine ok medicine Ok You have studied materials and You have studied different materials You have seen different elements in the periodic table different Element and you can make medicine ok and medicine can Cure different diseases like cancer different diseases so ISE to [Musica] the when These elements are combined differently can also cause different diseases in medicine and also Yes also Dr drugs no medicines medications to cure these diseases micc Biology instrum Vis BL biic Tis even if you want to study Medicine some Science of Biology You have to use the microscope which is the basic instrument to do this type of study and this instrument is based on the study of optics in what we have seen now on bi S Ande to Shining Light on the sample we can Visual the sample and Can magnify with object Lens and to have the like exact you might have microscope in your schools and you can see That the Things that you can't see with nak That is the long Ok you illuminate a tissue a cell of the microscope and then you see with the lens as we explained No At the beginning of the microscope So you can study through the optics and physics of materials these these examples in biology are many hiden in this world still there are many secret things that we must understand things that we must study no Secret can explore can explore hiden Secrets in Earth Just Because of And then through the science that we can understand is to know these secrets and anything in our Real Life is all Linked to the Science like we are Standing On the floor like we are Walking Everything like physics Gravity everything that We see every day and it is related to science. Where where you are sitting everything that you do every day is related to science and if you want to far from Earth in Sky in space you want to see understand the things that are far away in space how can you do with this like how can you understand and see the things that are far away from us telescope you heard about the telescope telescope telescope telescope telescope har har telescope You can see very far from the earth You can see Sun moons Planet even One Planet Where other Civil Like Us explore sci so through science you can explore even things that are far away from us planets galaxies everything that is in space Another interest Now have other techn like 3D projection You can in market or are like on the building are some Sort of projectors so can anyone or you know why or How do you know explain why we can see movies the image in 3D size that we see how it works You might have hologic hy like in Movies also like There is no person in real time but you can the projection of that also Because of hologic you have surely heard of holography when you see the image of the movies that there are people there is a movement that is seen as if it were in three dimensions This is also You have seen in the movies Iron Man When he clicks on his Watch is seen You have seen ok there are some questions to finish something now you ask questions in each Dream skymit and One more CH have Than You dedicate yourself always commit yourself in whatever you You do I have not heard afraid Science Is Not difficult Science Is very easy you have simple glasses Light This Is everything is available you sci is Easy do not think about the big theories laws no simple You are you using newon lawy AV fear Science is easy Yes it is like any job and you do not have to be afraid Ok so Science Is Not difficult Ok for you ok Well I want to thank you for coming thank Especially to the teachers Who who have you you have to thank you too who they have brought you here and I hope you had fun but maybe they have questions you have questions Everything is clear the last homework a very easy task is Oh no it's easy It's easy come on you have to tell what you saw Here some experiments that thing glasses with glasses Yes with glasses easier gift to parents to classmates or friends or cousins brothers Ok that's fine just one A warning do not use glasses looking straight at strong solar light it's dangerous No only the light splits into colors yes yes look at the that you have the light dare to for seen intense look at this light that intense but uses it to look at the so clear no professor I think we're done thank you [Applause] teach to the