Project Tiger and Ganga Action Plan (Namami Gangey)

Hello I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education I am Dr. Rashmi Singh Assistant Professor Department of Education S S Khanna Girls Degree College University of Allahabad and this time I am going I am discussing the paper of PG third semester that is Environmental Education and I am dealing with Unit Four and it is the second topic that is Project Tiger and Ganga Action Plan Namami Gange Earlier to this I have covered Chipko Movement, Namrata Bachao, Narmada Bachao Andolan and Silent Valley Movement. Ok? So this is a topic related to wildlife conservation. How to conserve wildlife, restore rivers and mission mode governance emerges from this. So looking at the background of Project Tiger, India's tiger population had collapsed from an estimated 40 thousand plus in the early 1900s to just 1827 by the 1972 census. This means that the tiger population in India was more than 4000 in the early 1900s and it reduced to just 1827 in the 1972 census. Unregulated hunting means there is no control over hunting. Habitat Loss Their habitat is gone. And Forest Degradation Drove This Steep Decline And Deforestation Caused This Decay. Launched in 1973 by the Government of India, it is a centrally sponsored scheme to conserve the Bengal Tiger and its habitat. So when it was found in 1972 that their numbers had reduced so much, then in 1973 the Government of India launched it as a centrally sponsored scheme so that the Bengal Tiger could be protected. It should be protected and its habitat should also be preserved. Operates within the legal framework of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972. It is our responsibility to protect wildlife, meaning wild animals. So, this will be the framework of the Wildlife Protection Act which came in 1972, I am sorry, it got delayed a bit. [sound of clearing throat] It won't happen anymore. So it operates within that framework. Talking about its objectives and institutional framework, it began with nine tiger reserves including Jim Corbett, Kanha, Ranthambore and Sundarbans and adopted a core buffer strategy. A core buffer strategy was followed. Core zones kept free of human activity. Human activity was completely prohibited in the core zones. Buffer zones allow regulated coexistence based use means core buffer strategy. No humans will go to the core zone. But in the buffer zone, there will be regular, controlled and coexistence based usage. The National Tiger Conservation Authority was established in 2006 after the Sariska Tiger Local Extinction Crisis of 20045 exposed enforcement gaps. That means the National Tiger Conservation Authority which was established in 2006. Why was it established? Because Sariska Tiger was found to be in local extinction crisis. In 2004, he showed, exposed, revealed that there was a gap in enforcement. So the National Tiger Conservation Authority was created. In 2006, the Wildlife Institute of India conducts the All India Tiger Estimation once every four years. It estimates the number of tigers in India every 4 years. What was done then implementation and growth ? It started at nine. Now India has more than 55 tiger reserves. Across 18 states. 78,000 square km in 18 states. Is spread around in Tiger numbers rose from about 141 in 2006 to approximately 3682 in the 22nd All India Tiger Estimation. Meaning, the result of so many efforts is that their number, which had reduced to 1411 in 2006, has reached 3682 in the 2022 census. India Hosts Around 75% of the World's Wild Tiger Population India is home to 75% of the world's wild tiger population. Meaning that the rest of the world has only 25%. The largest share of any country. There is not so much in any other country. India met the St. Petersburg Declaration goal of doubling wild tiger numbers well ahead of the 2020 target, 2022 target, meaning that the St. Petersburg Declaration had a goal of doubling the white tiger numbers. India got it before 2022. This is what he is saying. Ok. In terms of its achievements and global recognition, it is widely recorded as one of the world's most successful large carnivore conservation programmes. It is considered to be the world's most successful conservation program for large carnivores. Recovery of tiger habitats has had cascading benefits for entire forest ecosystems and associated species. Now you might be wondering what benefit do we get from Tiger? Keeping a tiger means that if it gets free, it will eat humans. Is a cardiovore. So what is its benefit? I am so sorry. The advantage of this is that the entire forest ecosystem benefits from it. We study the food chain, the food web , whatever living being is dependent on it, whom does it eat? Is. Whom does he eat in adverse circumstances? Who eats whom under the right circumstances? This entire food ecosystem has benefited. India joins the International Big Cats Alliance 2023 to extend conservation cooperation to seven big cat species globally. In a way, it will come under the big cat species. Meaning you can say big cat L. So Tiger can be said. So India also launched a campaign for its protection. Big Cats Alliance at the international level in 2023 so that we can expand this conservation cooperation further. Its reserve linked eco tourism has generated livelihoods for local communities around several reserves. Reserve linked eco tourism means that you see that people who go on these jungle safaris have provided livelihood to the people of the local community. In several reserves where human movement is possible, there the persisting challenge is change, human wildlife conflict remains significant in areas where tiger and human populations overlap. But its challenge is also that human wildlife conflict remains significant. This means that in places where tiger and human populations overlap, this is also a matter of conflict. Poaching and illegal wildlife trade continue to threaten tiger populations despite stronger enforcement. Despite so many regulations, illegal wildlife trade still poses a threat to the tiger population. Habitat fragmentation and loss of wildlife corridors from mining, roads and infrastructure projects. What other danger is there? Their habitat was destroyed. Whatever got damaged. The wildlife corridors that existed were destroyed. Sometimes for digging mines, sometimes for building roads, sometimes for infrastructure projects. So climate change is altering prey availability and habitat suitability across several reserves, that is, what has the environmental change done, it has changed it, now forgive me for today's yawning, I have sat down now, so I will get up only after completing it, but Shari means I am feeling sleepy, perhaps I do n't know it then, when I start talking then I come to know, well so what has climate change done, the meaning of prey means hunting here. Replaced hunting stuffing. Meaning, earlier someone used to eat something but now that is not available so someone has started eating something else. and Habitat Suitability Across Several Reserves. In many reserves, habitat suitability has changed due to climate change, and prey availability has also changed. Ok? Then Ganga Action means this Tiger Project was Project Tiger. Now if we talk about Ganga Action Plan, it was started in 1985. This initiative was launched in 1985 as India's first major river cleaning initiative aimed at reducing pollution in the Ganga. This was India's first major river cleaning initiative launched in 1985 with the aim of preventing pollution in our holy river Ganga. Fuzz One ran from 1985 to 2000. And Fuzz Two has extended its coverage. When Yamuna and Gomti tributaries have also been added to it. So where was the focus of Fuzz One ? In Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. Building sewage treatment plant. Sewage treatment plants were built. Otherwise all the sewage was going into the river. Interception and Diversion Wax, Electric Crematoria and Low Cost Centrifugation. Isn't it ? Electric crematoria were built so that you can get cremation done through electricity. Isn't it ? And Phase 2 has been extended and its coverage has also increased and Yamuna and Gomti tributaries are also being included in the World Wider National River Conservation Plan. OK then why the Ganga Action Plan had limited success. Why was n't it more successful? Sewage treatment plants frequently run below capacity due to power shortages and poor maintenance. The sewage treatment plants that were installed operate below their capacity. There is also a shortage of power there and the maintenance is also poor. Weak coordination among states sharing the river basin slowed consistent implementation. V coordination means that the coordination between the states is weak. This also reduces the consistent implementation of river basing. Industrial effluent, the entire waste of the industry is going into it. Especially from tanneries and factories remain largely untouched. Meaning there is still no check on it, no prevention. All that is getting mixed in the river. There is population growth and urban expansion. Pay out the infrastructure created under the plan. The population is increasing more than the infrastructure created under the plan and the urban population is growing. This is also a matter of concern. So the Namaminge program was launched in 2014. An integrated mission means it was launched in 2014-15 as an integrated conservation mission with an initial outlay of about 200 crore rupees, 2000 crore rupees, implemented by the nation National Mission for Clean Ganga under the Ministry of Jal Shakti [sound of clearing throat] it has been implemented under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, what are the pillars of National Mission for Clean Ganga, what will we do, we will set up sewage treatment infrastructure, clean the river surface, develop the river front. We will conserve biodiversity. Will plant trees. Industrial flux will be monitored. This means that the waste coming out from industries should not go directly into the river. And there is also the matter of rural sanitation Ganga Gram. It marks a shift from a narrow pollution control focus to a holistic river basin restoration approach. Meaning, this is a big approach, an integrated approach. Its meaning is not just narrow that we have to stop pollution. Rather, we have to focus on restoring a holistic river basin. Restore it means you can install it again. So what is achievement? Namaminge said that there has been significant expansion in sewage treatment capacity along the river main stem. River Front Development at Major Ghats. River front development has also taken place at many major ghats. Like Varanasi and Haridwar. Improved water quality indicators at several monitoring stations along the river. River means that there has been improvement in the units of water quality indicators installed at many monitoring stations. Rising Gangetic Dolphin Sightings and Indicator Species for River Health. The number of dolphins in the Ganga is increasing and more dolphins are being seen. This is an indicator that the health of the river has improved. In 2024, the Ganga's restoration effort was named among UN Environment's World Restoration Flagships. This effort to restore Ganga has been launched in 2024. He has been awarded the World Restoration Flagship by UN Environment. Isn't it? Then ongoing challenges. But there are still many challenges. Such as untreated and partially treated sewage from smaller towns along the river continues to be a concern. Even now, in small towns where these plants are not installed, untreated or partially treated sewage is going into the river. Industrial Influence Particularly from Tanneries Around Kanpur Remains a Persistent Pollutant Source Industrial waste, particularly from tanneries around the Kanpur area, remains a persistent source of concern. Encroachment on flood plains and river banks as a source of pollution complicates restoration efforts. Flood plains, that is, the flat areas left after floods, after the river has passed, the encroachment on them and the encroachment on the river banks make the restoration work difficult. Climate variability and reduced glacial monsoon flow effects reverse natural self-cleansing capacity. Brother, the river also has its own self-cleansing capacity but climate change and reduced flow of glaciers and monsoon have affected it. Meaning it has been spoiled. On comparative reflection, both Project Tiger and the Ganga Action Plan began as narrowly focused top-down central schemes. Both arose from a narrow ideology. But later both of them developed with time. Project Tiger was supported by NTCA in 2006 and river cleaning was supported by Namami Gange in 2014 into more integrated missions and more governance models. Both illustrate the shift in Indian environmental governance towards multistakeholder ecosystem-level approaches rather than single-issue interventions. Both show how India's environmental governance has shifted. We now talk about a multistakeholder ecosystem level approach and not just single issue interventions. Both continue to face the shared challenge of balancing conservation goals with development pressures and local livelihoods. Both of them have realized that this challenge is their shared challenge. Meaning both are partnering in the challenge of how to balance. How to balance the objectives of environmental protection with the goals of development. This pressure always remains. Okay then the takeaway is that Project Tiger in 1973 rebuilt India's wild tiger population from 1827 in 1972 to about 368 by 2022 [nasal sound] through core buffer reserves and the NTC. You have to remember that it was formed in 1973 and its population increased from 1827 in 1972 to approximately 3682 in 2022. And why and how did you do it? The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 with the creation of core buffer reserves and the NTCA. It was India's first river cleaning effort. But achieve limited success due to coordination and infrastructure gaps. But it met with little success because coordination was weak. There was a lack of infrastructure. Namaminghe replaced narrow pollution control with an integrated mission mode river base in restoration approach among the under the NMCG. It is Namami, isn't it Namaminge, its name is both programs reflect India's evolving environmental governance from single issue schemes to holistic ecosystem level missions, both programs reflect how India has evolved, how environmental governance has grown here, how it has emerged, what was it earlier, it was single issue schemes and now what is its form, it has become holistic ecosystem level missions, okay now you see, Project Tiger was launched in which, tell me National Tiger Conservation Authority was established, following when this Sariska Tiger Extent Crisis came, it was discussed according to the 2022 all India 3682, this is the number, okay then Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985, okay major criticism Ganga Action Plan was excessive funding, poor STP, too much international, complete absence of NEC, poor STP cap, unchecked industrial effluent, this will be it. Then the Namaminge program is implemented by the National Mission for Clean Ganga. This was NMCG. Ok? Which is a recognized achievement of the Namamiinghe Program Increase sewage treatment capacity in emerging Gangetic dolphin sites. This is what was discussed just now in the PPT. Both Project Tiger and Naming Ganga illustrate a shift in Indian environmental governance towards integrated multistakeholder mission mode approaches. it is. So check your answers. The first one is from 1973. Then Sariska Tiger. I told this correctly. Sorry, 1 minute. I told this correctly too. This was also said correctly. This was also said correctly. This is also correct. Tell everything correctly. Please check your answers. So, if you read any topic, you will know that nowadays MCQs were being taught in minors. So, it's all good. We will find out something. We will be able to practice something. If some questions are asked, we will be able to tell that come on brother, we have also studied environmental education. So we can answer these questions. Now I think it's over, right? Yes. It is all over. So we studied two topics from Unit Four. I read two PPTs on the topic Chipko. Read many topics. Read about Chipko Movement. Save Narmada Movement. Then your Silent Valley Movement and then what were we reading now? We were studying Project Tiger and Ganga Action Plan Mami Gange. Ok? How to conserve wildlife? How to save? It is important to save tigers for all our natural resources because biodiversity is being lost. The ecosystem of e-forest is deteriorating. That is why it is necessary and we have achieved success in it. Good success has been achieved. Ok. So thank you for watching and happy learning and we will cover environmental education completely. Now ok thank you.