Paris Agreement

Hello I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education I am Dr. Rashmi Singh Assistant Professor Department of Education S S Khanna Girls Degree College University of Allahabad and this time I am going to discuss with you a new topic actually the second last topic of your unit four of Environmental Education ok so it is the Paris Agreement Environmental Movements and Laws NDCs Global Stock Take and 1.5° centigrade goal to reduce temperature. Ok? So let's start with what is its background and context? Adopted on 12th December 2015 at COP 21 in Paris Entered into force on 4th November 2016 One of the fastest ratifications of any global treaty, that is, if we talk about its background, it was adopted on 12th December 2015 in Paris and came into force on 4th November 2016, which means it is very quick, isn't it? One of the fastest ratifications of any global treaty, no global treaty comes into force so quickly. We read earlier that your Kyoto Protocol took many years to come into force. Isn't it ? Then achieved near universal participation. Like the Montreal Protocol, it also had almost universal participation. 195 countries signed it. Succeeding the Narrow Cut Protocol Framework. That means it was better than the Kyoto Protocol. Did to overcome Kyoto's weakness. Isn't it? The weakness of Joe Katos was that he covered only the developed countries of NX One. Limited NX One Only coverage and rigid top down binding target is designed to overcome the same. And the US withdraws under President Trump, resolves under President Biden, and withdraws again in January 2025 under Trump II. Isn't it ? So this is the US location. Sometimes he withdraws himself. He then rejoins. Then he withdraws it. This is the way of accounting. If we look at its objectives and core structure, it has a long term goal. It said that global average temperature rise well below 2 degrees Celsius. Above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. This means that its long term goal is to stop the rise in global average temperature. Aims to Strengthen the Ability to Adapt to Climate Impacts and Build Climate Resilience. It also aims to empower countries to develop the ability to adapt to climate impacts. Aims to Align Global Finance Flows with a Low Emission Climate Resilient Development Pathway. Its objective is also that according to the global finance flow, we should have low emissions, that is, we should reduce harmful emissions and do this work with the global finance flow. Adopts a universal bottom up approach applicable to all countries developed and developing alike, right? As the Q2 protocol covered only developed countries. It said that we will follow the bottom up approach for all developed and developing countries. Isn't it? Ok. Then nationally determined contributions are its. Which is its core mechanism. It said each country sets its own specific climate targets. Nationally Determined Contributions Submitted Every Five Years. Every country will have to set its own climate target and submit it every 5 years. This is called Nationally Determined Contribution. NDCs must reflect a country's highest possible ambitions. It is not that we build a structure that looks like it is falling apart. No, we should reflect our highest possible ambition through NDC. And show progression over previous submissions. No back sliding. It should not mean that if we have achieved so much this year then next year we will lag behind. No, we have to show progress in that. There should always be a progressive increase in this. And the targets themselves are not internationally binding. The procedural duty to submit and report on NDCs is legally binding. Target Themselves Are Not Internationally Binding. The procedural duty to submit and report on NDCs is likely binding. He is saying that you should set the target yourself. Isn't it? It is voluntary. But it is binding on you that you will have to submit the NDC report every 5 years. Countries submitted new NDCs in 2025 covering the period to 2035 as part of this five-year Russia cycle. That is, countries have submitted those in 2025. Then we will do it in 30. We will do it again in 2035. Global Stock Take like this What's it all about? A periodic five-yearly collective assessment of progress towards the agreement's long- term goals. That means, according to the long term goal we have set, you will have to show your assessment every 5 years. The first global stocktake concluded at COP28 Dubai 2023 calling for the first time for transitioning away from fossil fuels. It is being said that you should stay away from fossil fuels. One thing is that it will end. Not renewable. Isn't it? Non-renewable is finding speed directly into the next round of NDCs, reinforcing the agreements, rush mechanisms for raising ambition, and what is being said is that the second global stock take is now underway, feeding into the 2028 NDC updates, meaning if the first one happened in 2023, now it will happen in 2028. Ok? To enhance financial transparency and support, the Enhanced Transparency Framework requires all countries to report GAGs. What was GHG? Greenhouse Gas Inventories and NDC Progress with Flexibility for Developing Countries. It is a little flexible for developing countries. Then COP 29 in Baku adopted a new collective quantified goal targeting at least 100% of the total GDP by this much. Isn't it? So this is your target. You can remember. So an aspirational call was also made to scale up climate finance to dash from all sources and the Loss and Damage Fund agreed at COP27 and formally launched at COP28 supports vulnerable countries facing irreversible climate impacts. So this is all the mechanism of how you will adopt it. Isn't it ? So you can remember. So remember this. What is Article Six? There is an international carbon market, right? We have talked about this before also. Establishes cooperative mechanisms alongside countries to meet NDCs partly through carbon markets and trading. Firstly, Article 6.2 enables broad cooperative approaches to internationally transferred mitigation outcomes between countries and Article 6.4 creates a centralised UN-supervised crediting mechanism, the successor to the CDM. That means it came after the Kyoto Protocol. This is what the international carbon market is talking about. Isn't it ? And it is saying and it has taken both developed and developing countries within its ambit. You can understand it like this. Its achievement is that almost everyone agreed with the coverage of KO's Limited Nx1. This is better. Isn't it? Catalyzed major renewable energy investment and a wave of net zero. Meaning, a pledge of net zero has been taken that we will make carbon emissions zero. Over 140 countries. And India's target is for 2070 that by 2070 we will reduce carbon emissions to zero. Its ratio mechanism, five-year NDC cycles plus the global stock take, is designed to progressively raise ambition over time. And that is why it has been created so that you keep increasing your target by becoming more ambitious every time and finally achieve it. Net Zero Deliver Landmark Institution Such as the Loss and Damage Fund at the COP 29 Climate Finance Goal. Look, the climate finance goal is being talked about now. Isn't it ? What are the criticisms and challenges ? The volatile non-purgative nature of NDCs means current prices remain insufficient for reducing the 1.5 to 2 degree Celsius limit. He is saying that there is a need so people should not do it. This criticism is non-pure. You are not even giving any punishment to them for this. Isn't it ? Repeated US withdrawal. Sometimes he goes to the US , sometimes he comes out. Underlying global momentum and financial commitments gave it status as a top historical limiter. Isn't it ? Because the stance of the US is not clear. Developing countries continue to flag inadequacy and slow disbursing climate finance related to actual need. The developing countries have very little climate finance. Isn't it? If it is much less than the actual need then it is slow , inadequate, insufficient. Enforcement realises on transparency and peer pressure rather than binding sections raising questions about long term effectiveness. Since it is a warranty, its long term effectiveness is questionable. How long will this app last? Then what is India's role and engagement? India's India ratified the Paris Agreement in 2016 is not very old. Signed in 2016. It's the updated 2022 NDC targets to intensify emissions by 45% from GDP by 2030, right? So India is its ally. India is working on it. Look, you see CNG in many places. Electric buses are visible. All this is the result of this. And we have pledged to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. We have to increase non-fossil fuel electric capacity to 50% by 2030 and Panchamrit commitments have not submitted updated NDCs. We submitted in 2025 and now we are raising our ambition further for 2035. Continue to emphasize CBDR and advocate climate finance. Technology transfer as prerequisites for higher ambition from developing countries. The takeaway is that the Paris Agreement replaced a narrow binding structure with a universal bottom-up system of NDCs and this is much more goal. So the Paris Agreement has replaced the narrow binding structure of Kyoto with a universal bottom-up system. Global Stock Take and Five-Year NDC Settlements Form a Rational Mechanism to Progressively Increase Global Climate Ambition. And the NCQG of COP 29, which finalized Article 6 rules, marks major recent advances in finance and carbon markets and despite universal buy-in, repeated US withdrawals, and an ongoing emissions gap, highlight the agreement's continuing implementation challenges. Although almost everyone accepted it, there is a challenge in implementation due to the repeated withdrawal by the US. So the Paris Agreement was adopted at which COP, then COP 21 will be Paris. Isn't it? Then the Paris Agreement long term is 1.5 to 2°. Well below personally limit to 1.5 this one will happen. Unlikely, this is a bottom-up approach. Universal bottom up approach applicable to all countries. This will be submitted every five years, it is expected to show increasing ambition than the first monotonously called for transitioning away from fossil fuels in the energy system, this should be than the new collective targets at least, this was what we had called, it was a figure, so I did not read it carefully, now we will see it in the answer, maybe this is it and check how much emission we have taken till India's updated 2030. So checked COP 21 is correct. This is also correct. This is also correct. This is also correct. Transitioning this see this one is also correct. This 45% is International Carbon Markets and Cooperative Mechanisms. Ok? So this is the Paris Agreement. My throat is a little sore today but I thought I should finish this long pending work. After this, one more International Solar Alliance remains. So, this unit of yours will be finished. There is a complete memorization unit. I have to remember everything. Which agreement has been made for what? What is the Montreal Protocol for? Why was the Paris Agreement signed? Why did the Kyoto Protocol happen? Who is the predecessor of whom? Who is whose successor? Who is criticizing whom? Who has what success ? You have to remember all this. These questions will also be asked in the same manner. Ok? So, thank you for watching and happy learning.