Oral Pathology Studying Oral Cancers, Tumors, Cysts for Dental Hygiene Students.

[music] >> Let's go through oral pathology. So, I'm going to talk about the types of oral pathology that are commonly on the exam and what you have to know. You do not want to read your entire oral pathology textbook. It's extremely confusing and not even half of it, even less than half of it is going to be on the board exam. So, follow along, study with me and I'm going to help you. So, I'm going to go over things like geographic tongue, hairy tongue, do you know the difference? Leucoedema, nodules, macules, what's the name for a wart, things like that. So, let's just jump right into it like I always say and let's get some studying done. Now, if you're a board exam prep academy member, you have this full study guide inside your modules. Go to your oral pathology modules, you will see this study guide plus pre-recorded videos, you will see mock exams, case studies and if you are a VIP member, you will even see workbooks. There's the master book for you on oral pathology, all of that. So, if you're looking to study for the board exam, definitely become a board exam prep academy member. Anyway, okay, so let's continue on here. So, what I want you guys to know about, let's say oral cancer lesions and different types is definitely know squamous cell carcinoma, okay? Know this one because it's the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity. So, remember, do know the difference between malignant and benign. Benign means non-cancerous, malignant means it is cancerous. So, typically when we're talking about squamous cell carcinoma, the risk factors are going to be tobacco and alcohol. Tobacco and alcohol together is kind of like a double whammy, a greater risk factor than if it was just tobacco or just alcohol. So, for every oral pathology that I'm going to point out to you today, you do need to know the risk factors and where it commonly occurs and of course what it is. So, if in the case study they're talking about squamous cell carcinoma, you are going to need to remember that it is malignant, not benign. What are the risk factors because in the case study they're going to be talking about the risk factors that could be there, but also where it commonly occurs. Now, here for example, it says occurs on the ventral surface and lateral surfaces of the tongue, floor of the mouth, soft palate, the the like tonsil area, and the retromolar area. Now, I don't expect you to memorize all of that, but instead what I want you to focus on is to think, "Okay, it's commonly inside the mouth." Okay? It's not going to be commonly on the nose, or it's not going to be commonly on the neck. It's more commonly inside the mouth. You can memorize all of those locations if you want to, but I find that just might be a little bit harder. Another one is leukoplakia. So, the key about this one is it cannot be rubbed off. Some of them you can rub off, but not leukoplakia, and these are white lesions. So, this is when the epithelial lining is going to thicken and then there's changes in the connective tissue. So, leukoplakia is typically like white patches. Now, it doesn't say so here, but it does say it further along in the study guide, but the common areas are going to be inside the cheeks and on the tongue. But what's the difference between leukoplakia and urethral plakia? So, urethral plakia is going to be red, okay? And more likely to be malignant, not benign. So, that's a key point to know there. Now, when we're going through benign tumors, remember the difference between malignant and benign. Benign is non-cancer causing. You want to know what verruca vulgaris is, okay? This is caused by the human papilloma virus, and it does have a certain look to it. There's a broad base. It's going to be rough, white, and a warty surface. So, this is what a wart is, verruca vulgaris. I do have pictures inside the board exam prep the board exam prep academy to put everything together for you, but you don't need that if you don't have it at this moment. So, think right now, okay? As you're As you're studying with me, do you know what verruca vulgaris is? Can you picture it, or do you need to quickly look it up online? You can do that, too. Or, if you're a board exam prep academy member, it's even easier to look at it there. But, what I forgot to mention was a papilloma. They love to ask about what does a rough, white, cauliflower-like surface What is that? It's a papilloma. So, it's benign, not malignant, and it's quite firm, okay? So, anytime it talks about a cauliflower-like surface, papilloma. If they're talking about a wart, verruca vulgaris. Um con- These are hard to pronounce. Condyloma acuminatum. This is going to be a warty soft tissue. Here, I'm just going to highlight that. Um caused by the human papilloma virus, again. It's It's um sexually transmitted, often with multiple lesions. So, for this one here, if they're talking about a sexually transmitted disease, this could be one of the answers. Condyloma acuminatum is the answer there. So, you do need to know what causes it. Not all lesions, as you know, are sexually transmitted, but some of them are. So, you need to know the difference. Another common one here is a irritation fibroma. This just means if something's being constantly irritated, it could cause a fibroma, to be more specific, an irritation fibroma. So, this is typically going to be firm. You can kind of like palpate it, and again, it's firm, but it's also kind of movable a little bit, and it's most commonly found on the buckle and labial mucosa, okay? So, on the lips, inside the cheek. So, a common thing that I've seen is when somebody's cheek biting and there's a bump on the inside of their cheek their um cheek, it's considered an irritation fibroma. So, that's kind of putting critical thinking together. Where would you see it? Somewhere where there's constant trauma. If somebody's chewing their cheek or the inside of their lip, that's a very good example. Now, what about an inflammatory papillary hyperplasia? So, this is an overgrowth of epithelial and fibrous connective tissue, again, due to chronic irritation, but specific to a denture. So, in a case study, if the patient has a denture, then you might think, "Okay, there's a bump there. There's an irritation. I'm going to call it an irritation fibroma." But, no, that would be the wrong answer. Because to be more specific, when we're talking about dentures, it's the inflammatory papillary hyperplasia, okay? So, see how again, we're putting things together, where um we're putting it together. We're practicing critical thinking. Now, what about epulis fissuratum? This is also regarding a denture, but more specifically along the edges of the denture. It's going to appear as an enlargement in the vestibule, which is kind of like the inside here, often with a fissure corresponding to the denture um um flange flange flange area. So, both of them have to do with dentures, but this would be specific to along the edges, okay? Another big one, you guys, is pyogenic granuloma. Also in response to injury, but it's more common, um, along the attached gingiva. I was going to say along the gum line, but that's not true. It's specific to the attached gingiva or interdental papilla. Common in children and pregnant females. Now, in children, it's also because of hormones. Children are growing, so there can be hormones there, or it could be simply to an irritation or injury. In pregnant females, it's usually due to hormones and/or if there's too much plaque in one area, there's a lot of hormones happening, but also too much plaque, that could be a pyogenic granuloma. It's a very, like, red, angry-looking granuloma, okay? So, moving on here, definitely know the difference between a mucocele, a ranula, a gingival cyst, and a and the epidermoid dermoid cyst, okay? So, the mucocele is going to be when a salivary gland duct has ruptured. It's actually more common than you think, typically the floor of the mouth, um, blue or purple to normal in color. So, it might be a normal color, but it's quite a large enlargement. Or a ranula is the same thing as a as a mucocele, but it's on the floor of the mouth. So, not, you know, in the cheek or anywhere else, but it's the floor of the mouth. A gingival cyst is the gingival anterior area to the first molars. Specific the mandibular canine premolar region, so know that. In a case study, if they're talking about a cyst that's in the mandibular canine premolar region, then you know exactly which cyst it is, and they love to talk about that one. The epidermoid dermoid cyst, most commonly seen in the skin and oral mucosa, specifically the floor of the mouth. So, see how all of these cysts kind of sound similar, but they're different in their own way. Candidiasis, herpes simplex, varicella, which is chickenpox, herpes zoster, shingles, hand, foot, and mouth disease, herpangina, infectious mononucleosis, and measles. You need to know all of those. They're absolutely on the board exam. Now, lichen planus, erosive lichen planus, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, lupus, canker sores, and erythema multiforme, you also have to know all of those. You have to know ulcers, the the differences between ulcers and fibromas, hematomas, and petechiae. You need to know those. Oh, and ecchymosis. So, for example, petechiae are pinpoint areas of hemorrhage, whereas ecchymosis is a bruising. So, if you think of a bruise, you don't think of it being a pinpoint, right? It's kind of over a larger area. So, you need to know the differences. So, just to give you a little quick study lesson. As you can see, I'm not going all over all of them, cuz that would take several hours, but if you want me to, you definitely want to sign up for the Board Exam Prep Academy, cuz I have that class in there. But, you also need to know macules, melanomas, white spongy nevus, leucoedema. You need to know the difference between leukoplakia, we talked about that earlier, and leucoedema. Leucoedema is different, cuz it's kind of like a gray-blue opaque area. Leukoplakia is white. Leukoedema is always on the inside of the cheek or the inside of the lip, nowhere else. Where leukoedema leukoplakia could be the tongue, cheek, lips, and other areas. Hairy tongue, geographic tongue, nicotine stomatitis, Fordyce granules, median rhomboid glossitis. All of those you have to know. Now, I have a quick review here, too, where if you're like, "Okay, I've studied all of them. I'm going to go through these names to see how much I remember." That's the perfect way to do it. And guess what? There's more. There's practice questions. Now, if you're not a member of the Board Exam Prep Academy, you can have this study guide. You can purchase it separately if you want to. I can leave the link for you guys down below. But, if you're a member of the Board Exam Prep Academy, it's already included. So, if you're considering purchasing the study guide, you might want to look at becoming a member of Board Exam Prep Academy member instead because there's more in there for you. But, I'll leave the link for you down below for this study guide plus the link on how to become a Board Exam Prep Academy member, if you like. My name is Andrea for those of you who do not know me. I've been tutoring since 2005 and I am still the number one online Board Exam Prep course for dental hygiene and dental assisting students, helping you pass on your first attempt at the board exam. That is the caveat here. I can help you pass on the first attempt, so you don't have to take it again. I have students, multiple students every month come to me that have taken other courses, they weren't successful on the exam, and now they're coming to me and they were successful their second time after taking another tutoring course but tutoring with me. So, I know I can help you guys. This is my full-time job. I love it, if you cannot tell. So, So reach out to me if you need any help. Make sure to join me at Dental L on Instagram. I would love to see you. I would love to teach you. Thank you guys for watching and I'll see you in the next one.