Nyaya Darshan (For Minor)

Hello I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education I am Dr. Rashmi Singh Assistant Professor Department of Education SS Khanna Girls Degree College University of Allahabad and this time I am going to discuss with you Nyaya Darshan with objective point of view that is as you know when students are choosing major and minor subjects then if they have chosen the subject as minor then its assessment will be done through objective type questions. So already I have covered so many philosophies but now I am covering this again with an objective point of view. Ok? So we will cover Indian philosophical schools. In this you will see Nyaya, Sangha, Yoga Vedanta which is in your course and its basic features and educational implications and it is prepared with exam focused notes and objective questions. Ok? So, meaning and origin of Nyaya where does the word come from? Where did this word come from? Nyaya means logic and rules of correct reasoning. Justice here means logic and by which we should know the rules of correct reasoning so that we can do correct reasoning. Be able to reason correctly. Its founder is Maharishi Gautam. Also known as Akshapada. Its foundational text is Nyaya Sutra and it is also known as logic or evidence. One of the six orthodox schools closely paired with Vaisheshika philosophy. These are the six orthodox schools of Indian philosophy, meaning we are theists, it has come from there, meaning it believes in God, some schools are atheistic too, in which we study Charvaak Jainism, Buddhism and it is closely paired with Vaisheshika philosophy, meaning it is very connected, it is paired with Vaisheshika philosophy, so if we look at the definition from the exam point of view, then Nyaya is the school of Indian logic and epistemology, this is the school of Indian epistemology and logic. Meaning it is a school of thought which lays down the valid means of knowledge. And what does this tell us? It tells us what are the valid ways to acquire knowledge ? What are the evidences? The Rules of Correct Reasoning to Distinguish Truth from Error. And what are those rules of correct reasoning ? So that we can differentiate truth from lies. So this is theistic school. Meaning he accepts God. Accepts the authority of God. And considers God as the creator of the universe. It is realistic and pluralistic. Believes in many independent real objects. That means it is realistic as well as pluralistic, meaning it accepts the existence of many independent objects and is famous for its Pancha Panchavya, the five-membered syllogism and liberation upliftment is achieved through right knowledge. Tatvagyan says that liberation can be achieved only through Tatvagyan i.e. salvation through Tatvagyan or right knowledge. Okay then Key Thinkers Text and its place if we talk then who are its Key Thinkers ? Maharishi Gautam, as I told you, is the founder also called Akshapath, compiled the Nyaya Sutra, who wrote Nyaya Sutra. Vatsyayana is also its thinker, the earliest major commentary Nyaya Bhashya was written by Vatsyayana, he wrote Nyayavartika, defending Nyaya against Buddhist critics, who were Buddhist critics, were criticizing Nyaya philosophy, so he defended it by writing Nyayavartika and Vachaspati Mishra, who wrote Nyayavartika, Tapa Tat Tatparya commentary, okay, then Ganesh Upadhyaya was also the founder of Navya Nyaya, New Logic, he said, he wrote Tattvacitamani, so these are some of its thinkers and six orthodox schools, it starts from here, there is Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta, so Nyaya and Vaisheshika are closely related. Nyaya provides logic and epistomology and Vaisheshika provides metaphysics. That is, Nyaya tells us about logic and epistemology and Vaisheshika tells us about metaphysics and Nyaya and Vaisheshika are closely paired with each other and these are the six orthodox schools of Indian philosophy which believe in the existence of God. Ok? Then basic features of justice see if court units what is it? Is. This is a realistic and pluralistic philosophy. That is, it believes in the real independent existence of many distant objects and substances. This is theistic. That means she accepts God. God is accepted as the Creator, Sustainer and Destroyer of the Universe. That God is the creator, he is the one who runs it, he is the protector and he is the one who destroys it. Four proofs of knowledge. It recognizes perception, inference, comparison and testimony as well as sources of knowledge. At some places you will also get six. But these are the four main ones. He is saying that the perception that we perceive, the inferences that we draw, the comparisons that we make, and the testimony that we give, are valid sources of knowledge. And Ashta Karyavada or Theory of Causation which he explained that the effect does not exist in its cause. It is a genuinely new creation. They are saying that the cause is the effect. The effect is not already present in the cause but is a new creation. Many times they are saying this because many philosophies believe that the effect is already present in the cause. But saying that the defect does not pre- exist in its cause. It is a genuinely nuclear creation. Ok? What else is there to give? He talked about 16 substances. Categories He said that the entire system of valid knowledge and debate is organized into 16 categories. He said that whatever valid knowledge system there is, you can organize it into 16 elements. This is their emphasis on logical reasoning. Strong focus on the syllogism Panchavya which is called Panchvayava, what is its pronunciation? And emphasize valid argumentation. They consider the soul to be a distinct substance. It is said that the soul is eternal and it is different from the body and mind. And knowledge is an adventurous quality of it. That means knowledge is a quality of the soul. Ok? And M is Apavarga or Liberation or Moksha. They are saying that our goal should be salvation. Attend through right knowledge. And how will you attain salvation? You will get it through correct knowledge. Removing False Knowledge and Suffering. Only when you separate the wrong or erroneous knowledge from the truth, will you get the correct knowledge. So, look, whatever you are talking about the four proofs, the direct perception that we can see is definitely the proof. So direct knowledge through the senses is the knowledge we get from our senses. Considered the most reliable evidence. He considered this to be the most reliable evidence. As if we are looking straight ahead at the projections we are making. We make predictions through inference. Knowledge derived through reasoning. We haven't seen it, but we're guessing it might be. We are thinking with our own reasoning. From a known sign to an unknown fact. As soon as we saw smoke, we assumed that there must be a fire somewhere and that is why there is smoke. But we have not seen any fire. Ok? And this is the basis of the five membered syllogism. Upamana means comparison. Like knowledge gain through similarity. If we see two similar things then we are saying that this is like this, there is this similarity in it. Example knowing a wild dog rears a cow as we have seen. I have not seen wild dogs but I feel that wild dogs resemble cows. So we're making these comparisons. Links a new object to a known one. This means comparing a new object we have seen with the objects we already know. And words or verbal testimony means hearing from someone's mouth. Like, the words spoken by a knowledgeable person, a great person, a person you can trust, are also considered as proof. In Indian philosophy, knowledge from the words of a reliable person, like the Guru said something, includes in scriptures and trustworthy expert, the words of the expert in whom you believe and what is written in the scriptures must come from a credible source, they are saying that the proof should definitely come from a credible source, so Nyaya philosophy talks about these four proofs and what is the five member syllogism which is being talked about since then? This is the method of proving justice. Remember it like this every morning. These Hindi names are a little difficult to pronounce. Examples for copy are Upanay and Nigaman. Ok, good. So what is this? Proposition Region Example Application Conclusion. He is saying that this is how you can reach the truth. How? First you have a proposal. One thing has been said. There is fire on the hill. That there is a fire on that peak. So you see its reason. Because there is a smoke. Because what is the reason for that ? Because there is smoke there. What is an example? Wherever there is smoke there is fire as in a kitchen. As you have seen in the kitchen, whenever there is a fire or something is burnt, smoke comes out. The application you are doing is that There Is Smoke on the Hill. Brother, there is smoke on Smoke Hill, that is why the hill is on fire. So what conclusion did you draw? There for There Is Fire on the Hill. So this means that Camel Hill is also on fire. So this is the five-membered syllogism which is the method of justice to reach proof. First there is propagation. We reason behind that. Then we look for an example. Then we apply it and then we reach a conclusion. 16 substance when he is talking. Nyaya organizes all knowledge and debate in 16 substances beginning with the four evidences. Now you can remember this. Remember this. Pramana Prameya Doubt Purpose Drishtanta Siddhanta Components Argument Decision Vaad Jalpa Jalpa Vita Hetva Language Deceit Jati and Nigraha Sthan These are the Valid Means of Knowledge Objects of Valid Knowledge Doubt Purpose Familiar Example Established Conclusion Members of the Sologism Hypothetical Reasoning Final Knowledge Honest Debate Debate Merely to Win Destructive Debate Fallacious Reasoning Quibbles and Unsound Rejoinders and Grounds for Defeat in Debate These are all substances They are saying that you justice organizers and any knowledge and debate have been divided into these 16 substances or categories and these also start with four pramanas. Now look at the AIMS [nasal sound] of education, what should be the objectives of education according to Nyaya philosophy? First of all, how to attain salvation? With the right knowledge. So what is the purpose of education? Providing you with the right knowledge. Philosophy should be the central educational goal. Develop logical reasoning , detect fallacies. You can find out what are the things that are wrong. If we detect them, we will reach the right thing. Learning to identify is Hetva Bhasha, right? Felicious reasoning in any argument. That means you don't have to argue. Removal of false knowledge. Whatever is wrong knowledge , whatever is untrue, you consider it to be false knowledge , you have to correct it. This is the cause of all causes, all suffering. And skill in debate and discussion is to make you skilled in debate and discussion. And Liberation the ultimate freedom from suffering through right knowledge. And when will we get relief from suffering ? When you will get the knowledge of the truth or you will get the true knowledge. So what should the curriculum be like? Logic should be taught according to justice. Logic and epistemology should be taught. Evidence science, grammar and language should be taught and practice of debate and discussion should be done. 16 substances should be studied and philosophy and metaphysics should also be taught. So what the principles of this would be is that the curriculum should be built around sound logical reasoning. Special emphasis should be given on systematic categorization and definition. Construct We should be taught how to make arguments and how to break arguments. Progressive study from basic evidence to the full 16 categories and learning through structured debate and discussion, that is, everything will be through debate and counter-debate. What will be all the learning methods of teaching? Same syllogistic method. Teaching structured five-step logical reasoning to establish truth starting from a proposition and leading to a conclusion. Debate method should be taught, it should be taught through arguments. You should do doubt analysis and resolution of your doubts. Then it should be rolled. Meaning, if there is any doubt or suspicion, how to remove it? It should be taught through question answer method and fallacy identification method. Meaning, we should know where the false knowledge is? Where is the falsehood? So removing that, removing PT reasoning, this should also be a method of teaching. What will be the role of the teacher? He will act as a master logician and debater. He will teach the student how to construct a valid syllogism? How to have an honest debate? How to become a rigorous, systematic and disciplined thinker ? How to overcome the fallacy of sound argument? How to differentiate? How are we asked probing questions so that we should ask. Meaning a teacher should be able to sharpen the reasoning of the students and should be a facilitator of critical and analytical thought. Meaning, we should create such an environment that you become a critical and analytical thinker. What should be the discipline and institution? Intellectual discipline that will come from reasoning. The discipline of systematic doubt and careful inquiry, the removal of fallacious and dishonest arguments, and self-control combined with the pursuit of true knowledge. So what should the institution be like? There should be a traditional centre of logic and debate there. There should be academic assemblies for structured philosophical discussions. Rigorous questioning should be encouraged in the environment. and Community of Scholars Refining Arguments Together. All this should happen. What are merits? Is. It is highly systematic , rigorous, isn't it? Isn't it? The foundation of critical thinking and epistemology is found here. This legal, philosophical and scientific reasoning has been influenced from here. This gives us clear tools of proof. Highly relevant and encourages the honest dividend based debate. But there is also demerit. 16 substances make the system complex can reduce philosophy to dry technical logic chopping excess focus on vedanta sky style debate criticized as mere wrangling. Meaning only debate is taking place in it. This is what people say. Les Emphasis on Emotional Aesthetic and Spiritual Development is not talked about. Theistic proofs for God are heavily disputed by other schools and are highly abstract for younger learners without strong logical grounding. For those who do not have a strong logical grounding, it is very different. It is very dry. It is very abstract. It is abstract. It is difficult for them to understand that. Check out the quick reviews. Who is the founder of Nyaya? Maharishi Gautam. What does it mean? is logic or rules of correct reasoning. What is the number of evidence? Four. Direct perception, inference, analogy, words. What is the theory of causation called? It is called Ashta Karyavada. Which paired school is it? Vaisheshika. It is a foundational text. By what name is Nyaya Sutra known? Logic or evidence. What is the number of substances it reported? 16. What is the five membered syllogism? Examples for Pratighna , Upanay, Nigaman. And what is M of Education ? Philosophy, leading to Upvarga or Liberation. Ok? Ok? So this is your justice philosophy. I have covered so much in this and as far as I think, no objective question should be asked from you here. Ok. So be a critical thinker, right? And thank you for watching.