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GLP-1 Drugs Explained: Ozempic, Mounjaro, Retatrutide & More

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GLP-1 drugs are injectable peptides administered weekly via subcutaneous injection that function by mimicking gut hormones to signal the brain and regulate metabolism. These medications work by reducing appetite, slowing gastric emptying, improving insulin sensitivity, and promoting fat loss. The most well-known drug in this class is Ozempic, also known as semaglutide, which contains a single GLP-1 agonist and has helped users lose an average of 15 to 20% of their body weight over six months to a year. Following its success, tirzepatide, marketed under the brand name Mounjaro, was introduced with a dual mechanism that combines a GLP-1 agonist with a GIP agonist to further enhance insulin sensitivity and weight loss results. Recent advancements have led to the development of retatrutide, a third-generation drug featuring three agonists: GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon. The addition of the glucagon component is particularly significant as it increases energy expenditure by raising the basal metabolic rate, causing the body to burn more calories. This mechanism also aids the liver in dumping fat, thereby improving liver health, while effectively targeting visceral fat. Although these drugs are highly effective for individuals with a BMI significantly over 30 or 40, they come with notable drawbacks that require careful consideration before use. One of the primary side effects experienced by some users is gastric distress, which can manifest as nausea, diarrhea, or vomiting, leading to a condition often described in medical circles as "forced anorexia." While the speaker personally tolerated the medication well after titrating up from low doses, many others struggle with these symptoms, making it difficult for them to maintain adequate protein and calorie intake. For individuals who are already maintaining a healthy body weight or those relying on these drugs for longevity purposes without significant obesity, this loss of appetite can be a serious disadvantage that requires strict dietary management through high-calorie shakes and supplements. The most critical concern regarding current GLP-1 medications is their lack of muscle-sparing properties, as users often lose fat and muscle in nearly equal proportions, particularly with semaglutide. While tirzepatide shows slightly better results in preserving muscle mass, published studies on retatrutide are not yet available since it is still in the final stages of FDA approval. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that retatrutide may offer a significant advantage by burning fat more efficiently while better preserving muscle tissue compared to its predecessors. Additionally, it appears to have a less intense anorexic effect than other drugs in the class, potentially allowing users to avoid the extreme lack of appetite that complicates nutrition for some patients.
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So, GLP-1s, these are injectable, typically weekly, subcutaneous injectable with a little baby like insulin-type syringe. And it's a it's a drug that really it's a peptide. It's it's a signaling mechanism that signals your brain. It's it these GLP-1s target gut or mimic gut hormones to target the receptor signals in your brain to reduce your appetite, slow gastric emptying, improve insulin sensitivity, and promote fat loss. And there has been a tremendous progression. The big one that came out years ago you've all heard of is Ozempic, otherwise known as semaglutide. That has one agonist in it. And so it's a GLP-1. That's all it is. And it and it did great. On average, people lost 15 to 20% of their body weight that were on it over extended period of time, 6 months to a year. And then a few years ago tirzepatide came out, which is known by the trade name Mounjaro. And that has two agonists in it. So, it has the GLP-1 similar to semaglutide, but it also has a GIP agonist. And so, which is a insulin-type agonist that helps with insulin sensitivity as well. And and those are the primary two that are out on the market. There was a there was one before Ozempic. I think it was called liraglutide, something like that. And and it wasn't as popular and it didn't cause as much fat loss or or body weight loss. It was under 10%. It was like 7 to 10%. But they continue to get better. If you are on X or Twitter, you've probably heard of retatrutide, typically called reta. It has three agonists. It has the GLP-1, the GIP, and also a glucagon, excuse me, glucagon agonist. Which that glucagon piece is really like the thing that makes everything. It just It's just synergistic, all three of these things. Glucagon causes increased energy expenditure. Basically, your basal metabolic rate goes up. Um and you just burn more calories. It helps your liver to dump fat and get rid of fat in the liver tremendously helping the health of the liver. Visceral fat has been fantastic with really all three GLP's but certainly the retatrutide. And so they're they're fantastic. However, they come with some drawbacks. So one is that some people have gastric distress for some. And I have not had any of that. I've titrated up from very low dose to kind of the standard dose and but some people have some problems some nausea, some some diarrhea or or even vomiting. Again, that doesn't sound very appetizing and but I haven't had any of that but I certainly know of people who have. I want to be careful with my my words here but this is this is just what it's called in the medical community. It's almost forced anorexia. So for those of you who are overweight, your BMI is you know, way over 30, 40, somewhere in that ballpark. This is excellent. But for people who are already struggling to maintain a healthy body weight, this is probably not a wise choice. There are people who are taking it from the longevity measures. They've really got to make sure that they keep their protein and their calories up which is very difficult to do. You typically have to drink a lot of calories, a lot of protein shakes because you just don't have the appetite to eat much food. And so that can be a drawback for some. And then the biggest one I think for our community is that if they they're not muscle sparing. At least the two that are on the market now and I'll talk about retatrutide minute. Semaglutide and tirzepatide what we've seen especially with semaglutide is that when people lost weight, they lost almost equal amounts of fat and muscle. Almost exactly. And tirzepatide was a little better and and we don't have published studies on retatrutide yet because it's in its final stages of FDA approval and and the studies. And so we just have to go by experience what we hear other people are on and kind of gather that information. But it seems like red light therapy does a significantly better job at burning fat and preserving muscle as well as it doesn't seem to have the the anorexic effect or the lack of appetite that's quite as intense as the other two. And so again, that could be you could still overeat on this but you just kind of don't want to.