Daily Current Affairs Analysis | 16th September, 2026 | Shankar IAS Academy | UPSC | Mains 2026

Hi, hello, welcome to Shankar Academyy's daily current affair analysis for the date 16th of September 2026. Please like, comment, share and subscribe our YouTube channel and also have the bell icon pressed for instant notification and better current affairs served to you. Let's see what are the topics for discussion today. So the first topic is UN SC paralysis and reforms. So recently the UN secretary general that is Mr. Anthony Gutrus have stated that there are certain paralysis in UN security council that is UNC. So we'll see what are the reasons why the UNC is in paralyzed state. what can be reforms that can be done to this UNC to have a better better United Nations overall which can be preventing the third world war itself. So in that context we will see what is the what is UNC what are its mandates and why the reason that it's today paralyzed. Now the second topic will be the changing phase of terrorism and India's counter strategy. So terrorism has been changing its face since 1990s. If you see there have been different kinds of terrorist attack attempts. Even today if you see there is emerging technologies that are support supporting this terrorism attacks. So we will see what is the changing face of this terrorism and also how India has actually coped up and also how India has updated its anti-terror strategy. So these things will be discussed in the second topic and the third topic will be spotted aa and it evolutionary study. Aina has actually has a specific social evolution which has been observed for past three decades. So we'll see what are the outcomes of this results and what are the outcomes of this observation and we'll see what is specific about Aina in its social evolution. It will be interesting. So we'll see this topic in a brief manner and next topic will be on uniform civil code. So recently our home minister Mr. Amit have stated that all 21 India ruled states will have this UCCC being implemented by 2029. So they have they set the target as 2029 to implement UCC in all 21 ruled NDS states that is BJP or BJP ruled states. So this is the target. So in this context we'll see what is UCC, how UCCC is favoring India's unity, India's integrity or what are the arguments against this UCCC and what can be the way forward and how better way this UCCC can be implemented in India. So that will be the fourth topic and finally we'll end the discussion with the prelims focus topic where we will have usually the three brief topics which are more focused for prelims and also a practice question related to it. So the first topic for the day which is UN security council paralysis and reform. So very recently in the bricks summit during the bricks summit our UN security secretary general Mr. Anthony Butrus actually visited India and he has interacted with the journalist and he has given certain points related to or certain stance related to the United Nations how it is functioning and what are the problem that is United Nations are facing today and one such problem is the UN security council. So he has said that UN is not broken mean US UN is not broken but the UN continues to perform effectively in humanitarian assistance peacekeeping international financial architecture and emerging areas such as AI governance. He has said that UN body as such has not fallen or has not broken but there are certain issues but there are certain problems there are certain frictions these frictions are due to the changing or evolving global order. So he has mentioned that the evolving global order is what creates the paralysis in UNC as well as the other UN bodies. If you take UNC that is UN security council UN SC. So UNC has five permanent members. Okay Ps who are those five PS first USA then UK, France, China and Russia. So these people are five permanent members. So there's no election for them. They stay forever in this security council and but there are other people like 10 non-permanent members. Okay. So these 10 non-permanent members they change every two years. So every two years there is election within the within the UN general assembly. People or the countries elect the respective countries and they represent the region or the specific region. let's say Asia Pacific, Oceanania, Africa, South America or Latin America. So when these there are certain groupings and respective countries actually will compete or put their contentions for for representation and finally they get through or they get elected through the general assembly. So there are 10 non-permanent members in the UNC every time. So totally there are 15 members, five permanent members and 10 non-permanent member. Specifically Pakistan is actually presently one of the member non-permanent member. India last served this non-permanent member from 2022 21 to 22 that is these two years India was a non-permanent member but India seeking the ninth term. Ninth term India is seeking that is for from 2028 to 2029. So from 2028 to 2029 India is trying to become one of the non-permanent member in UNC. That is all that is all the brief about the UNC. So why there should be a need need for reform in UNC. What does UNC do? UNC specifically maintains the order maintains the peace among the global global countries specifically if you take any conflict. It tries to have the peacekeeping force between the between the conflicted zones. It tries to avoid the conflict and it is also trying it is also trying to bring order uniform that is it tries to apply this UN charter that is UN rules and regulations among the among the member nations. So that is a primary rule of UNC primary mandate of UNC and why there should be a reform for UNC because it is present institutions are largely reflecting the 199 1945 post world order world war II order means when 1945 if you see there are certain institutions like Britain institutions what are Britain institutions IMF and World Bank IMF World Bank so there were certain institutions which were established in 1945 and that was reflected the post World War II order. But now if you see the world order is actually the global world order is actually changing. It is more dynamic. To represent such dynamic world order, you need to reform this UNC. And also the current distribution of power does not adequately represent emerging economies. Emerging economies like India, South Africa, Brazil. So these these countries are emerging and also they play a significant role in the world. So these people are not specifically represented in the UNCC and reform is therefore required for both legitimacy and effectiveness. Legitimately there are certain countries who are actually capable of representing the UNC as a permanent members and also to effectively make this representation. So these five members are are okay they they are they are they are seem to be the global powers since the 1945 glo post world war. But today if you see India is actually the fifth or fourth largest economy. They have very good military very good military base. So India is developing this technology too. They are moving to this V bar by 2047. So when these things are there there should be the representation of these countries like India, Brazil, South Africa, Australia, Canada, these people are actually more legitimate and also they can actually effectively improve the functioning of UNC. That's why the reforms are needed. So UNC again as I'm saying there are five permanent members and 10 non-permanent members. 10 non-government members are representing certain regions like Asia, South America, Latin America, Central Africa or Oceanania. So these countries represent the regions and that actually takes place through an election. Election takes place in UN General Assembly that's UNGA. In UNGA this election takes place and the countries get elected and they become the part of this non-permanent membership for two years. India has become non-permanent member eight times in the past. The latest was 2021 2022 and it is trying to become the non-permanent member for the ninth time for in the year 2028 and 2029. That is all the background of UNCC Britain roots institution as I said IMF and also World Bank they represent the economy of 1945 times of 1945 1950. Now the economies or the global supply chain everything has been changed. So there the reform should be better informed or better put. So what is India's role? As stated by Antonio Gutas, India said that India has maintained contacts with parties to Russia and Ukraine conflict. See UN is specifically to reduce or UN was framed or established to reduce the conflicts and also to prevent any such kind of world war again. So they have played critical role in reducing the conflicts and in that context they have said that India has also played an important role in actually reducing this Russia Ukraine conflict and gutas have described India as a particularly well placed to act as a bridge builder on the messenger of peace. So India's even close to recra close to Russia. So gutters have said that India can have play a better role to as a messenger of peace between Russia and Ukraine in the specific conflict and strategic relevance if you see India's diplomatic role reflects his position as a major emerging power capable of engaging with different geopolitical blocks. Let's say if you take Iran and Israel today India is having relationship with Israel militarily and India is also having the people-to-people ties strong people-to-people ties and also traditional ties with Iran. So it can it can try to balance both the powers. It can try it can try to bring the peace between them by actually engaging diplomatically. So such is the leverage that India has been placed. So India is better positioned to be the part of permanent member in UNC because an UNC member is an arbiter who going to reduce the conflict who going to who's going to mediate between the countries. So India is having such a power is what indirectly said by Antonio Gutus who was a present UN secretary general and he also he he has also highlighted this freedom of navigation because this is where is where the conflicts are arising nowadays. So freedom of navigation was stressed by Anthony Gutus specifically in Black Sea state of Armos and Babal Mandel. See where is black sea. This is where the black sea is. Here you have Kurt straight. K R C H K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K straight. Here you have Bosphorus straight. Here you have Darnella straight. So these three straight are important for Black Sea which you need to remember. As you know there is C of Azo. So black K straight K E R C H. Kirch straight connects C of Azo that is a Z oz C of Azo with Black Sea. Okay, that is the K state and B phosphorus state connects Black Sea and Sea of Marmara and this Dandel states connects Sea of Marmar with Aen Sea that is the Mediterranean Sea as a whole. So these are three states important Black Sea. So the freedom of navigation very much important as you see the Russia Ukraine conflict is actually creating problems in those states and state of almost everybody know it's in news for different reasons day in day out and also recently this babble mand state that is near the Somalia and also MN region okay Djibouti MN Somalia and also MN so this is where this babble mand state is there where actually are creating blockades. So these three states are very much important for global uh trade. So there should be freedom of navigation is stressed by Anthony Gutus. Why is stressing there? Because the UNC has a critical role to play in the in the in the freedom of navigation of those three states. And if you see the UN and international law, what it says? The UN continues to function as a reference point for UN charter, international law and international remand there in law. Anthony Gutes has said that the law of force is actually taking over the force of law. Yes, there there should be law which should be forced. There should not be force which should actually take over the law. So there should be force of law. Law should be forced but not there should not be law of force. So there is the difference. So Gutas is saying that law of force is taking over the force of law which is actually against the UN charter. This should not be this should not be taken forward. So country should come forward and they should change this dynamic nature of world order and again the UN map controversy just have added here because he has mentioned it about in the discussion. He has said that the UN general assembly resolution concerning world maps seeks to address dissocation distortions in the representation of landmasses. There he has said that this is not an official UN map. Okay. The UN does not define national borders. The UN does not have the rights to define the national borders through this resolution. They have put the world map as an old that is representing Asia, Africa, North America to the respective size. They have not mentioned the national borders. They have not put forward and saying that this is what belonging to this nation that is what belong to that nation that has not been done in this UN map change that has been recently done. Recently the mercator map have been changed to equal map. So there this problem of axi chain the problem of ladak the problem of harash these are all what not mentioned or not given in this map. This map just represents the overall size or overall continent size in the over in the global stage. So that is what clearly mentioned by Anthony Gutes. So what can be the other important points that he has mentioned? He has mentioned that India Pakistan relations where UN doesn't have a role unless they those two parties come forward and and ask for ask for a mediation and gender parity. He has also stressed for the human woman human gender parity where women should actually take a role specific role and he is also promoting the first woman UN general secretary because UN general secretary sake that is secretary general have never been and never add a woman. So he has been searching for woman to become the UN general secretary or secretary general that is important point and climate change aspect. So he has addressed everything. He has addressed navigation, climate change, internal conflicts, map controversy and also other other important issues like gender parity. So for everything if you see the UN security council and UN general assembly has a critical role to play. So that's where the reform is needed. So UN security council should get reformed and the institutions which are formed after 1945 like IMF, World Bank should get reformed that addresses the global economies today and also that addresses the political situations of today. So that is what the brief uh discussion is all about that is where all the UNC and UN General Assembly or UN bodies should get evolved what why there needs to be this evolution. We discussed that briefly and to add more to more spice to it the discussion you need to know what is UNSA right I've said there are five permanent members who are UK US Russia China and France there are 10 non-permanent members which I have mentioned so you need to know especially the 10 non-permanent whenever there is an exam point of view let's say your exam is 2027 pims you should know at that point in time who are the 10 non-permanent members exam is on 2026 films you should at that point in time who are the 10 non-permanent members if you take now who are the 10 non-permanent members the first one is uh as I said I can make it more clear here so first one is Pakistan Somalia Greece Panama Denmark So who are those? Pakistan, Somalia, Greece, Panama, Denmark. Next five are Liberia, Lativia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Bahrain and Colombia. Okay. So you need to know who are those 10 non-permanent members whenever there's some exam point in exam point in view like 2027 if if you're targeting 2027 then before 2027 you need to know who are those 10 sitting non-permanent members so that is all you need to know today it is Pakistan Somalia Greece Panama Denmark the next five Liberia Lativia Democratic Republic of Congo Baharin and Colombia so these are 10 nonprint members so that's all about the discussion for this topic let's move Let's move on with the next topic which is terrorist changing phase and how India has actually evolved with this counterterrorist strategy. So before going with that you need to understand you need to know the definition of terrorism because terrorism has been defined in multiple dimensions but India has defined terrorism in UAPA act and also in BNS. So in UAPA we will see what is the definition for terrorism. which defines a terrorist act. Okay, it defines a terrorist act as an acts intended to threaten India's sovereigntity, integrity or security or spread terror through explosives, firearms and hazardous substance etc. So this is what the terrorism or the act of terrorism being defined under UAPA act. So in this article we'll discuss how the terrorism has changed its face, how the terrorism has evolved and what are the counterterrorist strategy that has been undertaken by India to counter this evolution of terrorism. So the first one is the changing nature of terrorism. How the terrorism has changed. The first point is decline of centralized terror organizations. Earlier if you see many organizations like Alqaeda, Islamic State actually have operated under the centralized structure of terrorism. Now there is more decentralization in the terrorist activities and also in the operations. So that is an important nature of terrorism being changed and the next one is it is autonomous. There are smaller autonomous cells. So terror networks are increasingly fragmented. So earlier there were four five big groups present across the world who are as responsible for the terrorism who are responsible for the terrorist act across the world. But now if you see there are many small autonomous cells. So who are actually taking up the arms who are actually creating problems for the sovereignity and integrity for the nations especially in the context of India they're creating more problems in our borders. So there are more small autonomous cells that has been developed and lone wolf attacks has been increased. What is lone wolf attack? So individuals carry out attacks without the direct operational links. If you take in examples of UK, if you taking examples of many western nations too, there are many knife attacks, many attacks that we see is all related to this lone wolf attack. There is individuals who carry out this terrorist act. They don't have direct link with the big network of operation terrorist links. So that is what the lone wolf attack means. So that is where that is very very much difficult for the anti anti-terror organizations to actually track these attacks and the emerging technologies. One of the important important problem created for anti-terrorism. The first one is the drones, cyber capabilities and artificial intelligence are actually enhancing these terrorist activities because the dark web and recruiting through this dark web. So these problem these emerging technologies has been going into the hands of these terrorist people and that is actually very difficult for us to track and avoid it. So this new challenge the counterterrorism agencies must address decentralized rad radicalization and online recruitment cyber threats and technology enabled attacks. So this is what the summary is all about. So they're saying that this lone wolf attacks that is decentralized attacks autonomous cells emerging technologies like cyber security and also this drones and also artificial intelligence creating lot of issues for lot of issues for the evolution of terrorism. So evolution of India's counterterrorist strategy in the context of India if you see what India has done to mitigate this evolution of terrorism if you see till 2014 we had reactive approach so reactive approach in the sense after the terrorism attack has happened after the act of terrorism has happened we actually reacted we actually reacted through diplomatic channels internal security operations and also against crossber appeals in international forums so this is where been our approach has been even In 2008 if you see after our Mumbai attack we actually pressured we actually have the international pressure through international pressure and diplomatic channels we pushed our counterterrorism principles after 2016 if you see we have been following the proactive approach proactive approach in the since we have been trying to attack them attack the terrorist camp again again back and also we are trying to stop them before they attack. So we try to see where are these potential terrorist people are situated in or where are the potential organizations are present. We try to avoid those pe we try to avoid those instance and we actually act before the instant has been happening. So we are actually following this proactive approach. So this is where the shift of our counterterror strategy has been taking place. So if you see many terror attacks in India we have learned different lessons from them. In 1991, Rajiv Gandhi assassination case where uh if you see this LDT has been responsible for this and Mumbai terrorist blast in 1993 serial blast which happened in 1993 that is Dao Ibrahim who was related to that blast in 1999 we had hijacking of our plane this plane has went to Kandahar that is Afghanistan and in 2001 we had our parliament being attacked and 2008 we had Mumbai attacks. So in this Mumbai from since in Mumbai attacks only we had this NIA. Okay. So NA got evolved from 2008. So these are all reactive approach because after this incident took place we actually framed this NIA against the terrorism. Okay. So since 2016 if you see we have been actually following this crossber militancy action. So we had Yuri and surgical strikes in 2016 where India targeted terrorist launch pads across the LOC that is line of control and 2019 we had Pulwama and Balakot. So Indian air force struck a terror camp at Balakot expanding the scope of crossber action. So we have been targeting the crossber terrorist camps since 2016 2025 we all know that we undertook the operation Synindur where we targeted Pakistan based terror infrastructure reinforcing the policy and imposing direct cost on this terror organization. So we have been striking back whenever there's an incident we have been striking back and also we are we are actually negating all the future problems that that will be created by these terrorist organizations even though they are small groups or even though there is they are the autonomous groups. So our approach has been this shift from 2016 has been crossber military action has been our approach. So we also we also brought the first time ever we also brought this prahar prahar is nothing but the anti-terror policy anti-terror policy and strategy. So we have made a detailed video on prahar as a state of affairs video. You can even check about check this video on prahar. So prahar is a national counterterrorism and policy and strategy. So it was launched in 2026 February. So what are the key principles? It is all of government that is coordination among intelligence even the police forces and armed forces. So the local police that is if you take Jammu and Kashmir the local police are there. So there is there needs to be coordination among the police forces. So there is all of government approach and all of society involving communities civil society and citizens in counterterrorism. So the people in the borders they will also be responsible they'll also support the government in antitrorism activities. There's a role of society approach. Prevention is actually the main principle here. Prevention is addressing radicalization and emerging threat before the attacks occur. So the monitoring should be more accurate so that the prevention is there and also response we see strengthening the coordinated action against terrorism. The response is proactive. The response is military action. So such response has been actually included in this which is our national counterterrorism and policy strategy. It's the first time ever we have this anti-terror policy in India. So international efforts if you see in SEO so we have actually RADS okay RADS is present in USB which is against this terror infrastructure. So against this terror infrastructure we have a certain organization called rats which is working under the SEO that is Shangghai cooperation organization to to mitigate this terrorism activities and bricks if you see in 18th bricks which is which has been a headed under India. So the Delhi declaration which came out recently declared or included a specific paragraph on the Baharam terror attack that is he said that terrorism should be put terrorism should be put against in one voice. So there should there should not be differences against terrorism. If there is a terrorism everybody should unite and work on one one against the terrorism that is one family we speak about one family one earth. So similarly we should speak about one institutions one principle against the terrorism. So in such way bricks 18th bricks have included a paragraph on param terror attack. So terrorism must be not used as an instrument of state policy support state supporting terrorist group must be held accountable that was India's key message in 18th bricks. So this all where this this is all where our revolutions these all where our steps taken against this recent terrorism attacks that been present in world as well as in India. So what can be the way forward what can be the four-fold counterterrorism policy that we can take that is eliminate terror networks. So conduct intelligenceled operations against remaining terrorist groups preemptive actions that is go against go even against groups which are not creating problems because they might create problems tomorrow. So there should be preemptive action that is target potential threats and terrorist launch pads across the line of control wherever necessary and dradicalization prevent extremist recruitment that is extremist recruitment is recruitment through this dark web where ISIS if you see they have recruited many people from Kerala too that is they have used this dark web and they recruited people from many parts of the India. So this recruitment this extremist recruitment should be reduced through dradicalization method and also counterterror financing. So we have to work with FATF that is financial action task force that is which works under which works against this terror financing. So those these principles should be this cooperation should be strengthened. So these all should be our way forward. This all should be our approach against our terrorism. So there is a mains practice question related to our discussion. So what are the discussions we had? The discussion is how the terrorism has changed it face. What are the different technologies how the autonomous groups or the lone wolf attacks these things. So what how the terrorism has changed in space and how India is actually bringing the counterterrorism policy against this evolution of terrorism. This that was our discussion and what is the main practice question related to it. Terrorism has evolved from centralized organizations to decentralized networks and technology enabled threats. So before within this within this we have to explain how terrorism has changed its face. Terrorism changing it changing its face. That should be the first explanation. Discuss the changing nature of terrorism and examine how India's counterterrorism strategy has evolved in response. So you should also explain then that how India has actually evolved its counterterrorism policies. You have to mention about praar. You have to mention about India's engagement in international bodies. So these things should be put in this put in this answer. So that's all about this discussion. Now let's move on. Let's discuss the next interesting topic which is spotted aa and it social inheritance of rank. So if you see this ina spotted aa stripped. There are two different especially spotted and stripped. So spotted a especially if you see it is specifically found in Africa. So their natural appetite is in Africa. So in this article they have covered the social bonding or the social functioning of the spotted. So we'll see what are the key findings that they have produced and it will be very much distinct or very much uh diff very much differentiating it from the other animals as well from the human beings. So we'll see what are the key findings. So spotted ina so it's habitated is subsaharan Africa that is largestina species it is the largest ina species to be noted and the predator it is a predator and also ears up to 95%age of its own food spotted aa has IN status of least concern okay that is LC so that is its IUCN status so these all will be tested in a film whenever they ask you about an species they will test you about it's IUCN level or IUCN indication and also they will test you if there is very much specific to India they will test you whether which schedule that it has been put under in the wildlife protection act that is WPA act WPA schedules. So you should know the IUCN status and also this WPA schedule for the specific species and you should know what are the key important things or unique features about the species and also its primary habitat that is natural habitat. If you see its natural habitate is subs and African region and it adapt its adaptation if you see they have powerful jaws and can crush even the bones and that is that is how strong the jaws is. Society if you see they lives in a matineal class. So that is very much important point matineal. It differentiate from it differentiate itself from other species or other animals in that region. And there are female dominants. Females are more dominant than the males in this stripped in or sorry in this spotted. What are these unique features? The females have a pseudo penis. So a reproductive organ kind of thing. So females have a pseudo penis and give birth through it. So the ma the use of males or the males presence in reproduction is very much limited. Okay. So female itself have their important roles in reproduction. That is the that is the important unique feature of this spotted aa. And if you see the loft generally if you see aa used to laugh. Okay. The laugh is not for laughter. The laugh is that it is linked to stress or some excitement or submission. It is not it is not like usual laugh that we used to do. Whenever they laugh it means that there is some excitement or there is some stress. That is the meaning of their love. So these are the important thing that you should know about spotted ina especially the habited it's adaptation and also it's how they live it's a minear they give more they give more value to females than the males unique feature is that the females have a kind of pseudopenis organ organ which is a reproductive organ and also their l is related to stress and excitement but not to laughter so if you see this is a spotted Africa present in Africa only this is strip dina which is present in Africa as well as Indian subcontinent. So spotted dina is least concerned and strip is near threatened status. So spotted is least concerned LC and strip is near threatened that is NT. Okay. So that is all the difference you need to know. What are the key findings in this report? So there is a report which has been studying the spotted. So what are the key findings? There is female dominance. As I said spotted females dominate males despite not being physically stronger. So despite the physical strength, the female actually dominate the male in their social ranking as well as in the reproduction. If you see in social alliance, female power is largely based on strong social network and alliances. Male usually acts as a proximity to the female. Means usually male tries to stay along with the female who are more strong who possess more resource in that in that clan. So male actually play traditionally if you see in many organ many species female used to play the role of proximity they just stay to the closest powerful male but if you see ina spotted aa the male used to stay closest with the strongest female. So that is the that is important findings they have said and also it is a matrinal society as I spoke about because the social rank is inerted through the matline particularly by female offspring especially the youngest female offspring is given more value. So female option is given more value in this clan and if you see they also have the nepotism high ranking females provide their daughters with social and resource advantages. So that is completely opposite to the humans. If you see traditionally what human beings we used to do we used to give more resource to more value to our sons than the females earlier days now it is slowly changing their resources gender justice that is coming upon but in if you see in spotted eye now the female the high ranking females used to give share their resources to their female offsprings that is female daughters not to their sons so that is important thing so nepotism is completely reversed reversed applicable to this spotted and intergenerational inequality is present. Why? Because privileged female lineages can produce more surviving descendants over generation. So there is always this privilege to the female lineages compared to the male lineages. So there is always this intergenerational inequality that has been present. So these are all the key findings of the report who was studied more than 30 years. This was this spotted I know for more than 30 years. There is female dominance, social alliances, matinearian society, nepotism that is favoring the female anas and finally there is intergenerational inequality. So that is the important key findings and this whole article is based on one principle that is it is challenging this Darwin Batman paradigm. What is this Darwin Batman paradigm? This paradigm says that males generally compete more intensely for males because their reproductive success varies more than more among males. Generally if you see a male will actually compete another male to reproduce. So when there is a a female female species of that specific species and there are two different males they compete each other first then they'll decide who to who to get go towards to a female and reproduce with her. So that is how the comp competition will be there for reproduction. But if you see in this spotted spotted in a case what happens the female will compete the female will compete for better reproduction. So the spotted in a case female female competition is intense. Okay. While males often seek proximity and alliances with high ranking females. So whoever whichever female is actually better performing or whichever female is winning this competition they will actually seek the reproduction from the specific male. So male doesn't have the role much of the role to play in the reproduction. It often acts as a proximity to the to the female which is winning the competition. So female is more strong here. Though they are not physically strong, they are socially strong in the in the Aina case. But in others cases in other cases where the Darwin badman paradigm says that males actually have the high upper hand in the reproduction. So this paradigm is actually in contrast with the spotted case. So for for what this article concludes that the species demonstrate that sex roles that sex roles in the sense the female role or the male role is not universally fixed and also the reproductive competition is also not universally fixed. If you take for the example of human beings, there is a sex role that is male used to do one role, female used to do one role. There's a sex role in also other organization or other organisms sorry other organisms and other species. But here if you see spotted anarchist is completely different completely opposite to this Darwin Batman paradigm. So the species demonstrate the different sex role that hence it is not universally fixed. Hence this paradigm is not universally fixed. That is how they control. So you should understand what is this paradigm and you should also understand the key findings of spotted that is all about this article. So we'll have question related to this. Consider the following statements regarding the spotted. It is an evolutionary it is evolutionary more closely related to cats than dogs. Yeah that's what we saw. It is more related to cats than dogs. That is an important character of this ina. So first statement is correct. Spotted ina clans are mataline. Yes, exactly. They are mataline with females dominating the social hierarchy. Yeah, females actually hold the high ranking in the social hierarchy and males just act as a proximity to the strongest female. So that is correct. The its characteristic loft is primarily an expression of amusement and social bonding. No, the loft is for the stress or the laugh is for some excitement. It is not specific for social bonding. So it is exactly incorrect. So the first two statements should be correct. The third statement should be incorrect. So which statements given above is are correct. So the answer should be A. So let's check. Yes, the answer is A. So the article just you need to know what is Aina, what are the key findings that has been given in the report and also what is this Darwin Bman paradigm. That's all about this topic. Let's move on and discuss the next interesting topic which is on uniform civil code. So recently our home minister Mr. Amita have said that by 2029 all the 21 ruling NDS states will be implementing UCCC that is a target that's what that was he said in a meeting in Mumbai. So in this context we will see what is UCCC what are the constitutional provisions in given for UCCC and also arguments for UCCC and arguments against UC against UCC because with think UCC is a uniform civil code we should also understand what is uniform civil code first. So we'll also see what is uniform civil code and also we'll end it with an discussion of way forward of how to implement this uniform civil code. Yeah. So what is uniform civil code? So uniform civil code is a common law. So common law for what? Common law for religion, common law for inheritance, adoption, divorce and marriage. That is for all the civil laws. Today we have different civil laws for Muslims, for Hindus, for Christians. If you see for Muslims, they are allowed to marry more than one woman in their personal law. If you see for Hindus, they are not allowed more allowed to marry more than once. and inheritance differs the diverse the diverse provisions differs because for Muslims we had triple tala earlier now triple tala is also abolished so there are certain things which differ across religions okay so for in that context to bring everything everybody in a common platform we have we have this uniform civil code for marriages diverse inheritance adoption and maintenance this is for all citizens for citizens especially and across religions that is what you need to know and it replaces is the religion based personal law with legal one legal framework. That's what I said. It is replacing all the personal laws into and bringing everybody in one platform and it seeks equality before law. If you see in article 14, we speak we speak about equality. What is equality? Everybody is same. Everybody's equal before the law. It is not that one has certain certain civil laws, other has certain civil laws. In India, equality means one law for all. So it seeks equality before law and advances the gender justice. Why gender justice? We'll discuss more on certain cases supreme court judges where we will see gender gender justice is actually upheld by this uniform civil code. So if you see in India there's already uniform civil code in place especially in Goa since 1961 when Goa got merged with India. Since 1961, Goa has a civil code which is related to somewhat common to Portuguese civil code because Goa was ruled by Portuguese. So we have uniform civil code in Goa which is operational since 1961 and we also have go UCC in Uttarakand. Recently Uttarakand have passed the UCCc and it is operational now. So these two states have UCC for them. In this in this view our our home minister have said that all 21 ruling NDS states that is BJP ruled states should implement this UCC by 2029. So we'll move ahead and see what are the constitutional pro provisions for UCC especially article 44 which is under DPS that is directive principles of state policy part four of constitution. In part four of constitution that is DPSP we have article 44 which says that state shall endeavor to secure UCCC for all citizen that is uniform civil code. Okay. So there is constitutional backing for this uniform civil code. It is not that it is an um it is an idea bought by the ruling government. No there is a constitutional backing for this UCC which is article 44. But there's a catcher. We all know that DPSP is not directly enforceable in courts. Okay. This is nonjusticeable. That is the difference between DPS and fundamental rights. In DPS it is nonjusticeable. And also this UCC is supported by article 14 and article 15. As I said article 14 it guarantees equality. Article 15 it prohibits discrimination discrimination against against people on based of religion, race, cast and sex. So you cannot differentiate people based on religion. You cannot differentiate people based on gender. You need to actually give you cannot discriminate them. We need to give equal opportunity in all fronts. So article 14 and 15 and article 444 supports this UCCC saying that there should be uniform civil code in India. So this is what the constructive background for UCCC. UCC is just an is is an important topic because it is it has been tested in your mains. So they will ask what what is the what what are the pros and cons of UCCC? How can we implement UCCC? So you need to understand you need to know the arguments at both the sides and then you need to give a better way forward for the in the answers. So in that context we are discussing this topic. So what are the constitutional fra what what are the why are the constitutional framers included means constitutional framers in a sense in the 1947 1948 when they when the constitution was getting framed why they included this in in our constitution because Ambedkar and Nu believed that all personal laws are actually barriers to reform. They said when you have personal laws for different groups for different religion it is an it is a barrier for nationality it is a barrier for unity. So they said that we need one common code. So they put this under DPS. They didn't put it under fundamental rights because due to political tensions due to political apprehensions they said that we'll put it on DPS whenever the situation is right the the then government or the government present that time will actually implement that UCSC UCC. So that's what they did when the constitution was framed. They aimed to unify legally divided society post independence because post independence different societies were were fragmented because when the princely states were got into India they were they were merged into India. So there were society which was fragmented. So to bring them everybody to on one common front for as national unity we need something common. We need something common. So they thought we should bring this UCC and we should have this have it in our constitution. That's why they bought this UCC. So why UCCC needed in India? So it is not only the executive, it's not only the legislator who wishing for UCCC, it is although Supreme Court actually urged UCC because in this Sha Bano case what happened in 1985, she actually got divorced from her husband. She is a Muslim. She got divorced from her husband. And in inad that means in Muslim law, in Muslim personal law, what they say is once you got divorce only for 3 months maintenance you will be paid. That means the husband will pay the maintenance cost for the uh the wife only for 3 months. But in Hindu law it is not like that. You have to maintain maintainer maintainer actually for throughout the lifetime. So in this context supreme court said that it is against the equality principle. It is against equality because since she is a Muslim she is not she cannot be said that only 3 months maintenance will be paid. She has to be maintained throughout her life. She has to be supported throughout her life. So in this context Supreme Court said that why not bring UCCC for this context? Why not bring UCCC for diverse? Why not bring UCC for inheritance. So Supreme Court itself has urged UCC. And in second case if you see 1995 the Sla Mudgal case what happened? Supreme Court had said that the the person who's getting converted from Hindu to Muslim cannot cannot itself be allowed to marry more than one woman. Let's say I am an Hindu. I'm married to an Hindu wife. But before divorcing her, I converted into Islam and I married another Muslim girl. So doesn't mean that it this second marriage is not valid because I converted. So the but I argue that since I'm a Muslim, I can I can have more than one marriage. No, but you were an Hindu earlier. So that there is a confusion in these aspects. So that's why Supreme Court urged year two that there is a need of uniform common code for marriage too. So that is why UCCC is required. If you also see in triple tala case in triple talaq what happened the Hindu Hindu husband sorry the Muslim husband can actually diverse the Muslim woman by saying tala tala tala thrice that is thrice after a set period of time not at one instance after a set period of interval. So when you say talaq first then after certain interval if you say talak next after certain interval that is in months if you say talaq third time then it means that you are divorcing the woman there is no there is no written argument there's no written uh uh written arguments between you and your wife saying that you're divorced just talak talak talak means you're divorcing your wife so in that context supreme court said that this is against gender principle it is against constitution it is not on the basis of equality then that case they said triple delux should be abolished. So they have they upheld this gender justice that is why gender justice is very important. They upheld this gender justice at triple tala case. So in these cases if you see there is no uniform common civil code. So there needs to be uniform common civil code. When there is uniform common civil code you can say that no marriage diverse inheritance these all should be based on one law irrespective of religion. That is why this is all needed is the argument of is the argument of having UCC. So it ends the legal inconsistencies, marriage, diverse inheritance. It strengthens the national integration and India's secular fabric. So whenever different religion is having different principle then it cannot be set as one. It cannot be set as a secular country. For secular country you need only one principle. So it uphels the India secular fabric when you have UCC and it reduces the communal politics and bank pressure on present and personal law. On personal law you try to have this vote bank politics. you say that I will do this in I'll change this in your personal law so that your religion or your cast is actually more having the principle being conserved so those things can be played when you have this personal law so when there is no personal law this communal politics or old politics cannot be played so these are the reasons why we need UCCC and what are the arguments against UCCC many tribal communities living in northeast India or even in many parts of central India they have their own customs their own religion own tradition followed. When you say that you have to follow only one principle, it means that you are actually encroaching upon their freedom of freedom of religion or freedom of consigns. So you are actually infringing upon their article 25 that is freedom of religion. That is first important point because freedom of religion is a fundamental right but UCCC is just a DPS. A fundamental right DPS cannot override fundamental right just like that. So article 25 is getting in infringed. That is important argument against UC and also it threatens India's diversity. So India is known for its diversity. India is known for its linguistic and religious diversity. But when you say that you have a uniform civil code, so it should this uniform civil code should be either either actually either supporting one common religion. Say let's say you are bringing a uniform civil code. It will be okay for Hindu. It will be okay for Muslims but it will not be okay for Christians. It will not be okay for parses or it will be okay for Muslims and Christians but it will not be okay for Hindus. So there is always a problem. You cannot bring a uniform civil code because India is diverse. India is known for it diversity. So this uniform civil code will threaten the diversity and it will also create tensions. It will it might also lead to communal tensions in our nation and minority communities fear its majoritarian opposition. Anywhere anytime if you see the minority will be affected. the minority let's say the paries let's say the parties are the minority today they will be affected because whenever you make uniform civil code you you will actually consider the majoritarian view you not consider the minoritarian view completely so they will also be affected and they will be compromised in their own religious principle that is that will affect India and the tribal customs as I said they have their own traditions hence they might face uncertaintity or they may tensions communal tensions and no consensus yet on the context of common draft so people argued that this is uniform civil code but not common civil code. That is common civil code. What is different between common civil code and uniform civil code? Okay. Let's say there are two different schools. Okay. In your in your neighborhood. Two schools having two different uniforms, right? The school A might have different uniform but that is followed by school that are students of all the school A. School B will have different uniform that is followed by all the students in the school B. So school A and school B they have their own uniform but they cannot be brought under one uniform right because they are they are two different schools specifically so do two different schools cannot have same uniform similar way you can have a uniform civil code but uniformity should be for particular religion let's say for Hindus there should be uniformity for Muslims there should be uniformity for Christians there should be uniformity it is not common civil code they people have argued that you are trying to bring common civil code but not uniform civil codevil Civil code means one common rule for all people. Uniform civil code means uniformity for different religions. So there are two different things. Uniform civil code and common civil code. So that's why people have argued that constitution has said about uniform civil code but not about common civil code. So that's why this UCC is not actually should not be implemented in India and also the law commission have argued that UCCC neither is neither necessary nor desirable for India. So these reasons have said that or have been put against the UCCC. So we'll see what are the current developments. Current development as I said Uttarand have the UCCC being implemented but it is having exception for schedule tribes. It is not including schedule tribes into the into this UCC and also they have touched upon living relationships modern modern things that are related to this marriage divorce and inheritance and sha that is Amit Sha pledged that UCCC across all 21 NDS states in that as a target in 2029. So we all we all saw what are the arguments for UCCC and against UCCC. There are different states Gujarat, Assam, Madhya Pradesh are actually trying to bring or trying to drafting the UCCC for their own states. That is our current developments. What can be the way forward? Way forward should be wide consultation with all the religious groups and codify the personal law first. Personal law should be codified that is uniformity within a certain personal law should be brought in first. Then we should learn from the Uttarakans implementation. What are the drawbacks? What are the plus and minuses? You should learn from it. Then try to implement it pan India. Protect tribal customs and northeast people or northeast autonomy people where they have different cultures and traditions being followed. And gender justice should be anchored but not just based on the identity politics. So gender justice should be genuinely been upheld and cross party consensus should be brought in before actually implementing UCCC because whenever you table UCCC many parties will actually oppose it. So you need to bring consensus then implement it so that it will be working better. So this is how the way forward should be there and there's a mains practice question related to it. The UCCC is often protected projected as a vehicle of equality and critics view it as threat to India's pluralistic ethos. critically examined in the light of recent state level UCC initiatives and constitutional vision under article 44. So, so here you should explain what is the pros and cons of UC and you give you should give us a way forward and state the example of Uttarka and Goa in between that is all is required from this answer. Let's move ahead and see what are the PLM poker topics for the day. So there are three brief topics under the pilim spokers and the first one is national commission for safi karamaris. So who are safi karamsaris? Safi Kalamaris are sanitation workers. Okay. So sanitation workers you see in daily where they clean the public spaces sweepers. So these are these people are called this safi karamcharis. So what is this national commission for sapi karamcharis. So it was established under the national commission safi karamsari act 1993. So originally it was a statutory body that is it was framed under an act but now it has become a non-statary body just an executive body. Okay. So you need to understand the difference. Now it is only an executive body. It is non-satary and also non-constitutional. So it is non constitutional body under the ministry of social justice and empowerment. Okay. So what is the purpose of this act? The purpose of this act is that it protects rights and welfare of Safi Karamaris and monitors relevant laws and schemes. So there are certain welfare schemes or certain welfare rights that have been given for this safaris. So this is monitored under this this non-standardary body today. So why it is in news? Recently there was a chair person appointed to it and if you see the composition there should be a chair person vice chair person and also five members. Okay and five members should be including one woman at least. Okay this is what the composition about. So you all you need to know is whether it's a statuto body or non-statary body it is coming under which act and also briefly the composition of this body. That's all you should know about this national commission for sapiaris. Let's move on to the next topic which is Bahira Lake. Bahira Lake. It's an oxbow lake. Okay. It is an oxbow lake formed by Raphi River. Raphi river is a left bank tributary. Left bank tributary for of Gagra river. Okay. Gagra river is in turn a left bank tributary of Ganga river. So recently there was a prelimin question to arrange the tributaries of Ganga. If you see Gumi Gagra conduct these were the rivers that has been given. See Gumi Gagra Kandak. So Gi is towards the west then comes the Gagra then comes the Gandh. So you need to you need to know also see what are the rivers how they are arranged in the map or how they are present. Whenever you speak about whenever you read about a river you should understand what are the tributaries whether it's a right bank tributary or left bank tributary whether it is in west side or east side how it is joining. So these are things you should have an understanding. So this Bahira lake is actually is an oxbow lake formed by the rati river. Tarti river is a left bank tributary of Gaga river and Gaga river is again a left bank tributary of Ganga river. So that is all about that is the geography of this. This location is in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Okay. It is a natural floodpane wland in the state. It is also a Ramsar site designated in 2022. Why it is in use? This is in use because the sediments from Bakira lake can help water resource management. So water resource management in the Ganga plane that is in the central Ganga plane is very much important. So the sediments from the bakila lake will help us to understand how this water resource management can done in central Gangapen. So that is why this uh this was in present in use. So it is a part of Gagrai Alu system. So you need to know where this river is where the lake is this lake is found by which river that is a bowl lake of which river and also you should know about that river that is Rapi river is a left bank tributary of Gaga river and Gaga river is second left bank tributary of Ganga river. So that's all about this topic. The next topic is national forest mistress day which has been observed on September 11 every year. So why this year is observed? We know that we know Amita Dvi Bishna. You should have heard about this. It's also present in our NCERTT. Who is she? So there was a king there was a king in Rajasthan in 1730s. This event happened in 1730s. The king ordered that he he has to have a new palace. to have a new palace. He ordered his soldiers to bring the wood to for making for constructing this new palace. So the people the soldiers went to the forest they tried to cut this kery trees. Kedari trees is a famous it is a tree present in Rajasthan. Okay. So these soldiers went to went to cut this kajir tree. The person that is Amit Amita Dvi Vishnoy what she did? She went a tree a kajjar tree. She said that you cut my head and you take the tree. Soldiers didn't see didn't mind. So they have cut her head and also took off the took also started cutting the tree too. So by that time the people means the the daughters of Amita Dvi Vishnoy and also people of that surroundings also try to up the tree and try to prevent that prevent the cutting of the tree. But the soldiers have killed almost 360 people. They killed 360 people and also they cut the trees. By when the information went to the went to king, the king apologized and said that no new palace will be actually built and also that area that the area where the trees were killed will be protected and no trees will be cut from then on. So that is the history of this location or history of this tree. So if you see this is actually observed September 11 every year to honor the forest gods rangers and communities who sacrifice their lives protecting the forest and wildlife. So in 2026 theme is guardians of the green honoring sacrifice sustaining biodiversity. So that is the importance of this uh forestry day and it recognized the frontline forest protector against poaching smuggling and forest fires too. What is the significance? It significance is that the Kjarali sacrifice as I said the Kjarali sacrifice is where the Amita Devi bishnoy sacrificed her life Rajasthan associated with the Bishnoi community who protected the trees who protected the ketch trees. So that is all about this topic. Let's move on and see what can be the question for the practice today. The consider the following statements about Bakira lake. So the first statement is it is located in the eastern Uttar Pradesh and forms a part of Gaga Raphi Alivian system. That is exactly true. So this lake is formed as an oxbow lake from the Raphi river. So that is exactly true. It is an oxbow or flood plane wetland associated with the Raphi river. So that is true. So it is actually the oxbow lake of the Raphi river. It was designated as Ramsa site in 2022. That is also true. Don't mind of this year especially if you see they'll give you the they'll keep a trap in the year but here it is almost correct. It is in Ramsar site and it was designated in 2022. It is in UP. This all is correct. So answer should be 1 2 3. All are correct. Let's check. Yes, all are correct. Thank you for watching. Thank you for support. So please like, comment, share and subscribe our YouTube channel and also have the bell icon press for better notifications and also better current serve to you. Thank you again. See you again in the next interesting discussion.