Daily Current Affairs Analysis | 12th August, 2026 | Shankar IAS Academy | UPSC | Mains 2026

[music] Hi, hello, welcome to Shankar Academyy's daily Canada pair analysis for the day 12th of August 2026. Please like, comment, share and subscribe our YouTube channel and also have the bell icon pressed for instant notification also for better current affair analysis. So today's topic for discussion will be on Colombia's earthquake. The first one will be on Colombia's earthquake. So Colombia's recently has faced an earthquake. We will see what are the causes for Colombia's earthquake and how it is different from Venezuela earthquake which was 1 month back. So these two countries are neighboring countries but the earthquake causes something different. We'll deeply see what are the causes so that we'll understand the geography behind it. And next topic will be on careus crisis. Hepatitis is a viral disease. So we'll discuss what is a hepatitis virus is about what are the different types of hepatitis is like apparatus A B C D and why is the reason facing this crisis and can also see the way forward related to it and third topic will be on tribal reforms bill. So recently Lok Sabha or yesterday the Lok Sabha actually has passed a bill on national tribunal commission that is they're going to bring a unified commission for national tribunals so that this committee or this commission is going to actually recruit this committee is going to frame the rules for staffing for infrastructure and also for other related things for all the tribunals. So if before that each criminal has its own thing as its own domain of operation but here the tribal the national tribal commission is going to actually appoint the people for these comm these tribuners and is also going to frame a standard framework. So this commission we'll see what is the composition of this commission and how this commission is going to function. And fourth topic that is an interesting topic is is on an lloop. So India is actually an was an heavyweight in analum. So since British period or even the British period, India was also was a manufacturing hub in analum. So we'll we'll have the taste of legacy. We will see the legacy of analooms and we'll also touch upon the swadeshi movement that is August 7th which has been uh recognized as national anlom day since 2015. So this anloom why what are the difficulties that it is facing today and what are the government steps that has been taken forward to uh to to revive this and industry and also we'll see a way forward to see what exactly should be done to get the global attention and also have this genz appeal in anom. So finally we'll have a discussion on film's focus topics which will be briefly on three topics related from the prelims perspective. It will be very brief and very crisp and also a problem practice problem related to it. So the first topic for the discussion is Colombian earthquake. Two months back we have also seen this earthquake in the same place that is in South America Venezuela. So this was a this was a was a terrific earthquake which killed more than 6,000 people. But this earthquake in Colombia which is which is next which is a country neighboring to Venezuela has also faced this face this problem. We will see what are the reasons are there earthquake both are the are the reasons for earthquake both in Venezuela and Colombia same or are there any other reasons what is the effect of this colombian earthquake and also we'll briefly discuss the geography where the colombia sits so that we'll we'll know why it is prone to such earthquakes so there was a powerful mag earthquake of 7.4 four magnitude. So it is measured in RTER scale. ST western Colombia that is Colombia is actually in western part of South America. This is South America. So whenever there is a mains related question and they're asking a rel a place of a place where the earthquake has actually affected it can be Japan it can be Pacific ring of fire Venzula Colombia wherever it is try to have a diagram and show that this is Colombia and you have this is Pacific such things actually will add more value so moving ahead we'll see there there has been a magnitude of 7.4 for earthquake strike western colombia the epicenter is Sanjos de Palmer choka department you don't need to remember these things you need to just know for understanding and boot is actually the capital of colombia so this place is actually 400 km west of Botaa means the epic center and at least 100 people have been killed as of now and this earthquake caused extensive damage and the president who have been sworn in very recently in August 7th actually called for a national emergency. So it's a very uh sad situation for the country because it is facing economic turmoils as well. So we'll we'll we'll stick with geography. So the affected regions if you see the Choco the Choco is this place the epic center if you see this is Pacific Ocean this is Colombia this is the capital Bota Kali you might know where COP 16 of CBD that is convention of bio biodiversity took place so Kali just whenever you see a place you need to map it with whatever current affairs you know Kali Boota and this is where so these are affected is Pereira, Valdika, Val Del, Koko, Kali, Manisal and Poido. So no need to remember these place. You just need to map it where it is. It is in the Pacific Ocean that is west of Colombia. So what is earthquake? Earthquake is nothing but a sudden shaking of earth surface and release of energy from the lithosphere. So this lithosphere if you see it is crust plus upper mantle is not only crust but crust plus upper mantle it can be tested in a film's practice of films test or real pim. So it is crust plus upper mule. So there is release of energy from lithosphere which actually creates which actually transforms from that focus that is a place where the energy is actually released focus and it's the epicenter. So this this actually comes in the form of waves. So it comes in form of waves. So on 31st of July we have briefly discussed about Japan's earthquake. So in that in that video I have explained what are these waves, what are P ways, Sways, what are body waves, what are surface waves and how fast they travel. For your reference you can just view that because that is very much important for from Kim's perspective. So for on 30 of daily current affairs in Shankaray Academy I have discussed about Japan's earthquake where about these I briefly discussed or detail discussed with a diagram as well. So in this context we'll move ahead we'll see what is a what is a earthquake. So in this earthquake is actually a major earthquake because it falls under this category of 7.4. So magnitude is recctor scale measured in recctor scale intensity is measured in mercalic scale or mercali instrument. Magnitude doesn't depend on the distance between epic center and focus because epic center is on the surface. Focus is beneath the earth where the earthquake starts. So focus and epic center the distance is called depth means you can call it as depth simply. So this depth so magnitude doesn't depend on depth because magnitude is just the energy released from the focus. So it doesn't depend on the depth but intensity is what depend on depth because when the depth is shallow that is when the depth is very less you're going to get more more effect means you're going to get affected in the large scale so it means the intensity is high so the damage is high when the damage is high intensity is high but when the depth is very very high it is very deep and focus very deep then the damage is very low so in that case intensity is very low so intensity depends on the depth but magnitude doesn't depend on the depth these things have also been thought in the came uh current on 31st of July and just view it for your revision. So we'll stick to causes of Colombia. What are the causes of earthquake that happened in Colombia? So Colombia sits at the tri junction almost. So this Colombian uh this Colombia actually sits in north south American plate but it is al also at the tri junction of Nazca plate, South American plate and Caribbean plate. So when the when it is at tri junction it is also it is always vulnerable for plate tectonics movement and is al always vulnerable for such uh release of energy called earthquakes. So the dense Naza plate subdex means the Naza plate if you can see here the Naza plate which is in the Pacific Ocean is actually at high density because whenever water is there on that those plate it will be high density because it is holding a lot of amount of weight. So it will be it will be of high density. So it subdexs beneath the it subdexs beneath the south American plate. When it subdexs there is there is rupture and there is release of energy because this subduction what creates the andis mountains. So and is a fold mountain like Himalaya and is a mountain. So South American plate and Naza plate subduction creates Andes mountain. So Andas mountain is there along the western coast of South America. So the six the subduction actually is the reason main reason for this earthquake. We'll also see what what exactly the subduction does here. So in this 2026 earthquake what happened is when the Nazca plate started subducting beneath the uh beneath the South American plate at after one point in time this Nazca plate which went beneath the South American plate itself started to break means not at the point of intersection of between these plates but when the plate went inside deep inside that is almost 100 kilometers inside after going 100 km inside it it it started to break itself it start when that started to break it released lot of energy that actually created this earthquake but thankfully since it was 100 km deep there was there will be no such scale of damage as we saw in 25 km deep earthquake in Venezuela 2 months back in Venezuela what happened is the case was strike slip fault because the Venezuela if you see Venezuela and Caribbean plate. So the Caribbean plate and South American plate are actually moving parall to each other. Like Caribbean plates moving towards east, South American plate is moving towards west. So when they are moving, they are rubbing each other. That rupture created the earthquake in Venezuela. So that was strike strip fault means the plates are moving parall to each other. But here in Colombia the case is different. In Colombia the Nazca plate is subducting beneath the South American plate and the Nazca plate itself started to get damaged. So that that term we call it as intra we we call it as intrlab structure means I not mentioned here but it is called as intrlab rupture. That intrlab rupture that is intranence within the same slab mean within the same tectonic plate. So that intraslab rupture actually created the earthquake in Colombia. So to be more clear intraslab rupture that is naza plate rupture created the earthquake in Colombia but in peninsula it was strike slip fault between Caribbean plate and south American plate. So we are clear we'll move ahead. So here is a diagram. So Naza plate is getting subducted. This is South American plate. When it got subducted after 100 km what happened? This started to break down. It started to break away. So that released energy and which created the earthquakes reached the epicenter in the western colombia. So briefly you have to see where is Colombia. You need to know what are the bordering countries. Venezuela, Equuada, Peru, Brazil, Panama. There are five countries. Venezuela, Panama, Euada, Peru, Brazil. So whenever you see read about a country you need to know who are its neighboring countries land neighbors and marine neighbors and basically other geographical things that are very much important to it. So we'll see a practice question later with respond to cysmic waves consider the following statements or with respond to earthquake itself you can say consider the following statements. Pavs generally travel faster than Sav through the same medium. So P S I have not discussed yet but I have discussed very much detail in 31st of July daily current affairs. Here P as briefly I would say Pav is a body wave and S wave is also a body wave. Pwave travels more faster than Save because Pwave travels in both liquid, solid and gas. But S wave travels only in solid. So Pwave travel faster than S wave through the same medium. That is correct. Intraslab rupture that the thing I was mentioning intrlab rupture within the Naza plate created the earthquake in Colombia. Intraslab rupture refers to an earthquake that occurs along the megatras interface where two tecton plates rub directly against each other. No intrlab itself means it is within the same slab. There is no involvement of other tectonic plate. So that statement is incorrect. Intermediate depth earthquakes that is the depth is not too deep. Intermedate depth earthquakes generally produce a wider geographical zone of perceptible surface shaking means whenever the depth is very much deep. So it is going to create a wider effect but not very concentrated intense effect. So when the shallow when the depth is shallow so it is going to give a concentrated effect on the epicenter but when the depth is deep it is going to give wider effect but not a very intense effect. So that is what the statement is saying about. So this statement should be correct. So the answer should be 1 and three. Let's check. Yeah, this answer is 1 and three. Let's move ahead to the next part of discussion. So next stop is in care loss appetitis A crisis. So in this article we will see what is the virus appetitis A. We'll see different forms of appetitis A B CDE E and what are the crisis what are the causes that has been created in Kerala so that it is facing its crisis and what can be the way forward to mitigate it. So all you need to know from perspective is that you need to know about this virus its cause what it what is its fatality rate it symptoms basically you need to know briefly about it symptoms and also any vaccin related to that uh disease and if they if it is heredatory zunotic or not. So these kind of small small things you just need to note it and you can for every disease if you can frame a notes like I have a columns saying that whether it is zunotic or not whether it is communicable or not what is it who status whether what is it fatality rate what are the vaccines created for it if there is any vaccine or not if it is there is any treatment or not or there it is genetic or if it is any sex linked or whether it is related to male female something like that. So when you have such columns and also we need note down the diseases that is coming in current approach it will be easy for you to revise. So here we will go ahead we will see what the case is about. The hotspot for this epitis A crisis is malapram coord belt. So this is major concern for appetitis A and the transmission is majorly through contaminated food water and fascio fake oral root. What is fakeal root is that when you when you treat your utensils when you wash your utensils with the water which is of the waste of seaweed where the stool of many other people or or of other animals is getting it's getting mixed with that water. So when that sea wage water is not treated properly and when you're going to use that use that water for washing utensils then from there it goes to your mouth that that is it comes through food because you use the utensils for cooking and from that food you're going to eat. So this is where indirectly the pesio root poral root actually takes place and the virus actually spread. The age is actually the age shift that is improved sanitation less childhood exposure more imologically suspectable adults. So it is basically affecting this 80 to 40 years of age that is what is it is telling about and if you see the trend 2025 and 2026 the deaths have been increasing. So it is going to be the fatality rate is actually increasing is what it means and out of pocket expenditure you see for these kind of diseases or for any non-communicable diseases too. This is communicable disease but any non-communicable disease too there is a chance of out of pocket expenditure which is which is not been covered by any insurance or not covered by any state or health a state or union health related schemes. So what this virus is so the virus is actually contagious virus infecting infecting the liver. So it is basically affecting your liver. So any disease you need to know what are its effects to. So it is going to affect your liver. So John it is also closely related to jaundice because jaundice is also it a disease which is going to affect your liver. It is transmitted mainly facial oral root which I was discussing and disease course is usually acute and self-limiting that is it can be recovered soon if there are specific antiviral treatment. If there is no such thing after passing some stages it is going to be fatal and chronic infection it is not basically chronic because many of the appetites why it is not chronic but there are few appetites virus that is forms of virus which are chronic what are the symptoms it is yellow skin arise related to jaundice as I said fever and tiredness and vomiting stomach pain dark urine and clay colored stool disc is the major symptom for is for this disease and loss of appetite that is you can you will not be able you will not feel hungry to eat loss of appetite and also joint pain. So what are different appetitives type? We'll see the first one is A B C D E. So here if you see D is what chronic. So it is D is what mostly chronic and also C to some extent. So D C and D is what mostly chronic because you cannot deny saying that hepatitis is not chronic. If there is statement saying that heis is not chronic, it is false because he c D it can be pronic. that that is where the twist is all about in your pulum exam. So a if you see the transmission is facial oral causes acute vaccine there is vaccine and also self-limiting no chronic infection. The CN D is over important because it has no vaccines. So it is it is going to create a lot of issues for the patients. It it cannot be easily curable though there are some antivirals. So this antivirus should be more effective because once it has passed the certain stages you will not be able to bring them bring them back to the normal stage. to causes severe disease with HPV and it is also it when when such CND is more acute or or when CND is actually more intense not acute when it is more intense it is also trigger HIV because many epiditis patients is are actually treated the way HIV patients are treated it is also sex linked yeah it is also sex linked and it is also related to blood because since related to blood many people are treated in the Same way HIV patients are treated. So there are some social stigma as well when whenever a person gets hepatitis but no hepatitis is related to blood it is related to liver. Yeah. But it is not completely saying that it is sex linked. It is because of the uh it is because of something which which is which the so society is unusual. No. So if you basically if you can u see here A B CDE E CD doesn't have vaccine AB is actually more acute C and D are mostly chronic and mostly they are blood related transmission blood flow is related transmission that is what you need to remember and A is facial oral which is being which has been seen as a crisis in Kerala so nonviral epidis so epidal can be viral as well as nonviral See when it can be nonviral. See when you when your parents is having appetitis and we you are also getting the appetitis. It is nonviral. So it is genetically transferred. It is not like virus is getting transferred from one person on another. It is genetically transferred. So there are nonviral appetites as well. So these types if you can see it is not very much to remember. You need to know there are nonviral appetites. For that sake I have given certain types. You need to just see what are those types and causes and impact. So impact you know it is going to affect your liver. It is going to affect your um it is going to affect your digestive system as well and causes as usual it can be it can be sometimes the immune system itself attacking your liver. So there are such kind of autoimmune appetites as well. So heitis can be also nonviral. What are the causes for Kerala? What are the causes in Kerala that is actually brought itself in the spotlight? The first one is unsafe or contaminated water because due with with this uncontaminated water only the virus is going to spread. The facial oral root is actually going to spread. So major source of HIV transmission and sanitation and hygiene gaps is again the reason for the uh facial oral spread and eating outside because exposure to this contaminated food outside contaminated water because you don't you not know what is cleanliness of that restaurant or what is the cleanliness of that food. So eating outside is also can be also a reason and age shift improved sanitation reduce childhood exposure more susp among young adults. Young adults are more vulnerable or more susceptible to these kind of diseases. And finally the adult infection greater risk of severe repetitives liver failure and complications. So this is when you are not going to treat your epitis at the earlier stage because when it is chronic you need to deal it at the earlier stage. When it is not then you are going to face the severe problems even lead to fatality. What can be the measures taken? The outgrips outbreak surveillance and rapid response team can be enhanced. So which is been done by state government. Yeah. Because health is under state list. So this is being done by them. Water testing and chlorination of contaminated sources at every public distribution of water or even the private distribution of water. There should be a certified water testing and also the chlorination test should be done. The app say treatment protocols for hospital should be aware made aware and also this plasma exchange for severe liver failure should also be given in in subsidized price for for people so that out of pocket expenditure is less and vaccination and awareness program should be taken forward in a war foot manner. So we'll briefly see a question related to this. Consider the following statements regarding the viral hepatitis. Viral hepatitis you need to know because there are nonviral hepatitis 2. Hepatitis A and epitis E are primarily transmitted through the facial root. Hepatitis B can be transmitted from an infected mother to her child. That is correct. Epitus C as a widely available and effective vaccin. No. As I as I was discussing C and D doesn't have vaccine. Okay. So third statement should be incorrect. So automatically the first one and two becomes correct. So answer should be A. Let's check. Yes, answer is A. So let's move on and discuss about this terminal reforms uh national tribunals commission. So recently uh two days back or yesterday there was a bill passed where the tribunals reforms act 2021 is getting replaced by formation of this national tribunal commission. What is this national tribunal commission is about? See we have we have tribunals for everything. We have tribals for environment related. We have terminals for public service related things that is cat. So we have terminals for many many other domain specific things. So turbulence is basically for domain specific codes. So it can be environment, it can be for civil service, it can be uh criminal service, it can be litigations related to tax, it can be anything. So these tribunals have been uh have been like have been added by several judicial members and also technical members. So they have been selected through different processes subjected to specific tribunals or specific need. But this commission which is which actually replacing these things and saying that there there will be a centralized commission or centralized committee who will be deciding who will be appointing the members for different tribunals based on the expertise. So we will see what is the composition of this commission and also what this commission is going to do it. So the first one is the setting the context for this is that Lok Sabha has passed the tribunals reforms bill establishing a national tribunals commission. Okay. And the this key objective is to centralize the search come selection committee to ensure uniformity. As I said there are different tribals, GST tribal, those tribunal, there are many tribals where the people or the judges or the advocates or the uh technical expertise over the bench were selected with with respect to different parameters or with respect to different things, different uh backgrounds. But here this commission is going to uniform it make it a uniform structure saying that only from these things will be taken forward or these things will be considered for such and such and such tribunal and basically based on that they will be appointed. So what will be the uh composition of this commission? So the bill has stated that there will be five members. One chairperson, one chairperson, two advocates and two technical members or judges. So this chair person will be a retired CJI that is retired uh sorry retired Supreme Court judge sorry retired Supreme Court judge or the chief justice retired chief justice of any I court. So there will be five members one chairperson two advocates and two technical members will be the part of this commission that is the central commission who will be actually forming framing a uniform structure to appoint different members for these for the multiple tribunals. So what is this? What are the main pillars of this commission? There is central oversight as a independent strategy authority which can actually supervise this administration staff staffing and infrastructure of different tribunals that is it is all tribulants basically and judicial autonomy ensures search headed by CJ or senior supreme court judge. Basically it has been given as the chairperson has been given the conditions is that the retired Supreme Court judge or any retired chief justice of high court will be heading that commission. So there is judicial autonomy or there can be a judicial oversight too. Then standard norms. So it normalizes the qualification standards and service terms. So because the service to service terms the the qualifications the enumerations the conditions are all varying for different privileence when you're going to unify it you bring it everything on par with the standard on par with the standard uh judicial system so that there is no there's a better sync in the operation. So in such a way this actually has three pillars. So the first one is the central oversight. The second one is the judicial autonomy, judicial oversight and third one is the standard norms. So we have to we have to see the constitutional provisions related to criminals because this is this is very important uh whenever we we talk about criminals. This article 323A and article 323b is both are introduced in 42nd constitutional amendment act 1976. So what is the difference between 323A and 323B is what to be understood. The first one is 323A is for public service matters for central and state that is for civil servants, group A servants, group B servants and also other public servants in central and state. So here only parliament is authorized to make a law. So it should be noted that only parliament can actually make a law related to this public service matters and hierarchy it is single administration hierarchy. There is no uh you you cannot go for appilate tribal. There's no appilate over here. And this can once this tribunal has given some judgment or given some uh announce or given some order. It can be subjected to I court appeal. So you cannot directly go to Supreme Court. You can go to I court then you can move to Supreme Court. In article 323 what happens? There are multiple other tribunals which can be formed like for taxation, for land reforms, for environment, for foreign exchange, what not you can form any tribunal and this can be done by both parliament and state. So there's a difference here only parliament here both parliament and states. So it is multi-tiered hierarchy. So you can create appate hierarchies you can create appate tribunals and again the order can be challenged in I code mean once the tribunal has passed an order it can be challenged in I code you you not allowed to put it directly over through supreme court so there is an hierarchy which needs to be followed so what are the concerns which were earlier put by supreme court before this uh bill is the age el eligibility caps so struck down the 50-year minimum age barrier for appointment of advocate members Earlier there were age gap age barrier that above 50 years people should not be appointed but Supreme Court has struck down that saying that no such cases should not be allowed and also the tenure security mandate a minimum four year tenure for members so that they'll actually uh function with functional independence. So without having any tenure they'll be like they'll be in the clutches of executive when they'll be put on put in or put out they might not know. So when there is when they are given some tenure so they'll be having functional independence that is also been given by supreme court. So we'll have a practice questions related to tribunals. The first one is first let's see the question with reference to tribulance in India consider the following statements. So the first statement is both articles 323A and 323b were inserted into the constitution by 42nd constitutional amendment act 1976. That is exactly true. During the emergency period during Indra Gandhi time, this actually was done. The tribunals these articles were actually put into our constitution. So first statement is correct. The tribals under article 323A can be established only by parliament whereas those under 323b can be established by state legislation as well. Second statement is true. As I said 323A is for public service matters where only parliament can make a law. In 323b it can be any tribal taxation, land reforms, environment, foreign exchange, anything. So here state government or state legislation also has the power to frame the tribunals. So statement two is correct. Decisions of administrative criminals that is public service matters or other other related administrative matters can be directly appealed to Supreme Court by passing the I code. That is incorrect because once the criminal has given the order you can challenge it in the I court then you can go to Supreme Court. You cannot directly go to Supreme Court. So statement three is incorrect. The answer should be one and two. Let's check. Yes, the answer is 1 and two. It was very brief discussion. So you need to all need to know is about 323A and 323b and also the new commission what is a composition. Moving ahead let's see an interesting topic. So next topic will be on anom. So why anloom remain a key part of India's economy. So in this uh article we will discuss why Andlum is important. What was the story before that is its legacy and also what are the challenges that has been faced by these analoom viewers and also the way forward and other steps that are taken by government of India. So since 2015 we have been celebrating national anom day on August 7th. So August 7th remains historic because that was the initiated movement of Swadeshi Swadeshi initiated from that point in time. So to mark the Sweshi movement this anom day national anthem day is being remembered or celebrated. So we will see what is the story so far for anoms and also the history of anomit. So the first is swadeshi roots. As I said in 1905 when there was partition of Bengal announced by Lord Kersel where today's West Bengal and Bangladesh were split. So this was called West Bengal it was called East Bengal. So since two this was actually a divide and rule policy created or made by Lord Kenan and British Empire. So in that context in that in that in that time people of India people of Bangladesh or people of uh today's Bangladesh and people of West Bengal actually come together for unity and they celebrate they actually initiated this swadeshi movement. So the swadeshi movement was initiated or launched on August 7th. So this was this is this is what we actually claimed as an llum day today and from then on the anloom's importance actually were put into India's context as old because earlier when before British came or even during the British Anum was important part of economy in India's rural as well as and townships but after this and became a bit more uh famous or bit more aware of of among all the people of India and from there Gandhi when Gandhi came to India after 1915 or 1916 this Gandhi symbol of Kadi that is that has taken this to next level and has became the important part or important aspect of India's independence as well as then on it took on economically and it served in many other aspects so we will discuss what are those aspects so this aspect is also cultural because it links India's freedom struggle to its modern identity. So our freedom struggle since uh since 1905 means it was even started before that but from in the context of andum. So since 1905 this has played an important role because kadi and other chakra movements of Gandhi so everything is related to and weaving. What was his legacy? So its legacy is it it was among the world's greatest pre-industrial enterprises because India was actually was rich in cotton rich in textiles rich in making clothes so in that in in that scenario in that of in that contemporary world so this was industrial might India was actually serving more than 50 60 countries of that time it was exporting to 60 70 countries and it was actually having trade surplus with many of the countries due to and lloom only then after industrial revolution the Manchester where in Manchester in England where lot of other things happened industrialization machines came up so from then on only this indust this and max actually got an it in world market so till then it was an industrial might and the global trade powered global rules across Asia Africa and Europe as said more than 50 60 countries we were serving or we were export 14 it was made in India a foremost manufacturing economy of this time. So today we we call China as the most um the manufacturing hub of the world. But then it was India. India was actually a manufacturing hub and Andum was important part of that manufacturing and it was backbone of India's manufacturing and global influence and there was real weight the sector is far more significant than commonly acknowledged because see it does it doesn't only support you economically because we will see what are the other aspects is going to support you. There are other things it it actually helps the rural economy, non-form economy because not everybody's having land. So it helps non-form people who are not dependent on farmlands. It also helps women. So there are a lot of other things that this anom has given. This anom is a boon for India. So we will also discuss what are those things. Before that we just have numbers related to anoms. Today there are almost 35 lakhs plus viewers and allied workers in anom sector. 31 lakhs household engage. 70%age of them is women. This is where it is important because this is where the gender empowerment comes into place. So you cannot only see from economical economical angle you cannot just see through the economical lens but it is also gender empowerment. It is also it is also helping you in non-farm economy. So out of India's total cloth or 15%age come from amloom. So it is very much significant. Today we all know India is actually leading in textiles even surm there are many places in India we even in Bengal muslin so these these are all places where India is having a strong hold on these clothes export so in that 15%age of total clo export comes from manum which is very much significant and that's what I said the rural jobs it provides for rural jobs and it is very much capitalized because it can provide more jobs with less capital because it's more of a manual work. So you don't need to have intense capital investment on it. So less capital and also it is woman led. So that is very much significant because woman led is going to bring out the women who are there in home outside and they are going to contribute to our economy which is going to move forward more in an accelerated way. So what are the challenges facing this sector? So we have discussed what is anumm means a small history of anlum how India was featuring anom before independence the kadi the swadeshi movement how anom took in and also we will discuss what is the legacy of it how it how anum was important to India and what are the critical what are the important numbers for India means in regard to an llum so how it is going to support rural rural jobs how it is very much capital less and also it is giving more jobs and also how it is human led so we will also see what are the challenges faced in this and sector. So the first one is the vanishing of VC. Basically what happens generation after generation the weaving has to be passed on but people actually people who are moving on to the next generation they want to explore different other opportunities. They don't want to stick to the same occupation. So once then there are hundreds of lesserk known traditions means the traditions the uh the know that is going to get transferred to the next generation reduces or dilutes. From then on it is getting slowly extinct. So that is the main problem is vanishing of viewers. The falling returns even though when people are actually more interested to take up the job or take up the occupation but there are very much less returns the return of investment is very less because there is diminishing income push you out of the crowd. There are many missionized missionized clothes fashion clothes that are coming up in the market. So people are more interested on that but they're not interested on this traditional analogs. How many of you can question ourselves? How many of us wear kadi clothes? How many of us wear analog clothes? We wear modern clothes. We wear branded clothes which are not uh viewed in viewed by these animals. So there is falling returns. So because there is no demand and fragmented markets the institution the market linkage is very weak after the production and skill loss as I said the skill that is transferred from one generation to other generation is not 100%age because people are not interested to take up the job they feel that that is not going to help them in their livelihood then design eraser and undervalued undervalued is very much very much a concern from our side from the demand side because we value branded clothes from foreign. We value bonded clothes from other other places as a a symbol of uh a symbol of what do you say a symbol of u high value even though we buy a branded clothes let's say a branded clothes from Louis Philippy or branded from any other brand we say that it is it is of high value it is of showing us in an eye gesture but how we culturally neglect this. We consider neglect the sand room though they are actually more valued than the those branded clothes. These are challenges that are faced and what is the government and institutional push NHDP there's national anom program anom development program national anom development program. It comes under ministry of textiles which you have to note ministry of textiles and it is a central sector scheme. So whenever there is a program whenever there's a scheme you need to know what is a ministry whether central sector or centrally sponsored and also uh briefly what is what are its objectives. So this national anthem development program is tries to improve the skills design and also market access to these and we viewers. So it's holistically connecting the starting point from the viewers to the market that is the market linkages is also there. Then UNUSCO tie up India's tie up with UNUSCO to to show up that there are these are culturally more important traditionally important anal which creates global attention and geographical tag that geographical identication tag push. So here if you see this GI tag is given by ministry of commerce and ministry of commerce for 10 years. So you have to renew once in 10 years. You need to know this and G tag focuses on it creates more more value to that specific clothes let's say tang so it creates more value to the gag product then branding should be there and also in e-commerce e-commerce you need to promote more and because in e-commerce is where all the all the shopping is going to happen today is happening today so e-commerce promotion and export focus should be also there so export focus in sense you need to actually expand export lifting many viewer presses like you need to reduce that reduce export duty. So these things small small things which you can help those anomal members so that they can bring back that legacy and support the Indian economy. Few success stories related to anum. So this Tangalia Gujarat if you see Tangalia is actually a cloth. It can be a sar it can be a shirt. In that shirt you have these embroidered parts like the there there will be like small small uh dots or small small beads we can say small small beads which are actually put weaved together. It is not embroidered on top. It is weaved together. So that is the specialtity of this. So Tangalia is in Gujarat means the this is the Andum or the cloth or the product name it's in Gujarat and uh next next success story you can see Batang Batang is actually a village in Odisa. So here there there are there are set of womens the more than 90% of women who are actually weaving the saras on their own and they are exporting it. So this is actually mostly can support well womanled empowerment. So you can write it for woman led empowerment as an example for this. Bakarang Odisa where there is weaving of saris and siddipet galabama is also a story of Telangana which is which is having its own uh weaving culture. So there are many such stories I have just put briefly here. So what it means that what it means to us that when you have a design plus market access plus institutional support that is when you have the con when you have the skill of doing a design when you have the market access and when you all the institution support from the government of state government or union government you're going to actually re or replenish whatever lost in those hand loom industry you can revive it at a scale in fact actually so make it aspirational so shift the frame from prospection to aspiration. That is preservation to aspiration. Don't just preserve the culture. Make it a aspiration means move it ahead. Don't just restrict it. Just put it more forward. Put it more better. Gen Z appeal position as position contemporary fashionable and premium because Gen Z is where is where the new market is actually booming in because India's India's demography is very much young now. So you have to have the Jenzi appeal. You have to show them that this is this culturally very good. This is a culturally very unique and it is also helping our Indian and room viewers. Celebrity push storytelling and these are all advertisements or pushing up your market reach. market rich craft as luxury which is where you have to uh clap as luxury and global fit is where you have to use your soft power because many nation if you see Japan in fact for China they use their clo they use their uh kind of clothing as actually a soft color they say Japanese kind of tradition Chinese kind of tradition Korean kind of tradition so in such way there should be Indian kind of tradition because though India is diverse you should also have Indian kind of tradition that is having the soft power. So you should show the craft as a luxury because you should show this product is very much unique in the world and you get don't you don't get anywhere and in such a way you have to promote it global fit you have to actually demand for authenticity global at present global needs are for authenticity that is for truth truthness so when you push for that authenticity flavor India is actually is in a right place to put it forward way forward as we discussed we have to measure what is whatever the uh present andum viewers capacity is and we also push it so that we get the exports jobs and incomes from the anom sector then national platforms. So we all know one district one plat one district one product we might have seen in many uh railway stations where one product will be sold in one district. So in such a way one product one one district one product in such a way analog should also be pushed in national platform export backbone that is export should export support should be given institutional support soft power as I said you need to actually ancient ancientness and authenticity of India's and should be put forward in the global stage so that this soft power and global authenticity catch is actually helping will help us in reviving the and at scale so briefly we'll see a mains practice question India's alum sector is a strategic asset for its future not a relic of its past in light of the social economic significance evaluate the challenges facing India's analoom industry and suggest a policy road map to reposition as a driver for rural employment women's employment cultural software export competitiveness in the vision of part so this is a long question but still what the essence is that you need to say what are the challenges facing in this sector how it was important how was actually a strategic sector for India and how what are the challenges that it is facing today and how we can push it or how what are the policy measures that we can put forward so that we are going to revive it at a significant scale. That's all for this topic. Let's move on to the next topic. Let's discuss the prelims focus topics for the day. The first one is missing community Assam. It is not missing, it is missing. So missing community in Assam is second largest plain strip that is in the plains of Assam. These people are these community are the second largest among the among them and they are actually having a unique ability. So they live in harmony with the seasonal floods of Brahmaputra river. We have seen Assam floods. We have seen the Assam flats recently. So these people or these communities are actually capable to live in harmony with those such vulnerable things or such seasonal floods. So they build homes using bamboos and wood raised platforms. So that home is called Chungar and they also have have their festival celebrated the sewing festival celebrated during this time which is called alihang. So all you need to know is Ali Lihang it's a it's a swimming festival and Chang is the house the name of the kind of house that they build and they have agriculture cycles aligned with these kind of natural river flow or these seasonal river floods is actually known as a natural river flow for them. So they are more aligned or their cycle is more aligned with those kind of those kind of periods. There are sustainable fishing methods during this monsoon period. So all you need to understand is this committee is more sustainable or they're more uh climate friendly or more ecological friendly towards these kind of abnormalities that is they are also fine with these kind of abnormalities like seasonal floods of Brahmaputra river. So our next topic will be on India's independence first cast enumeration. So basically India's cast enumeration started in British period. So in 1881 if you see that was the first time where they did pan India cast a pan India survey of census that is pan India census basically since 1881 in 1871 they started census but in 1881 is where they had pan India census. So since 1881 for every 10 years there have been continuous census during British time and only 1931 if you see they had this cash census. In the last cast senses mean they had the cash census but the last cash census if you see was in 1931 post that there were census there were cash senses here and there mean cash senses is that you have to enumerate different kind of cash that are present in India and also you you need to know amount of people or the the uh the geography of the cast and also where they are where they are spread and also the people how many people are there with respect to the cast. So this cash census 1931 was officially out. After that there are several cast senses which was not officially out. So if you see Ladok is officially said to be the independent India's first complete cast enumeration. This cast census or the census which we are going to which which is under which has been undertaken now and since 2026 it is going to also include the cash enumeration. So the census is also going to include the cash enumeration since the independent India for the first time because in 2011 what happened there were there was social economic socioeconomic cash census but this this details or this data was never been published. So in independent India this is the first time that there is a census going along with the cash enumeration and Ladak is going to be the first uh it is going to officially set the first place where the cash enumeration is going to be completed officially. So if you see as as I said in 2011 the SECC was independent survey and lacked statuto backing under the census act. So this data was never route. Though there are many states which are done cast senses or cast survey for respect to the that geography but there was not a strateging given to the cast enumeration but here we are doing cast senses and this will be the first digital cash senses or first digital census for the matter but especially but this though it is going to be the digital census in certain places like the border places like Ladak in LA in near to LA where we need to have the paper sensors because we need to geo tag because we cannot digitally depend on those data. We have to geo tag and we have to mark the places so that it will be helpful for sensitive defense locations bordering the sensitive defense locations. So here is a timeline if you see the 1881 to 1831 Brit British actually had cash enumeration since 1881 only we have pan India cash census or pan India census for the matter pan India census in 1951 we had census but it's only for specific people who are SCS and STS but it is not for all and 1961 again we didn't have cash senses we had OBC kind of service 2011 There was SECCC that is so social economic cash but the details were never out and 2018 when Rajnat Singh the present defense minister was then an O minister was speaks about the OBC data collections. So now if you see after many states in 2024 like Bihar, Karnataka, Telangana come forward for cash surveys. Now the union government for the in the in the under the digital census under the digital census they are also having cash enumeration. We look forward to these data when it is completed so that it is going to create better policym for union government as well as the state government. So the third topic will be on India's 300 gawatt non-fossil fuel power capacity. So according to India's net zero targets, it has to have 500 gawatt of fossil fuels, non-fossil fuel capacity, nonfosil fuel capacity by 2030. So we had five targets and out of that one target is that 500 gawatt of non fossil fuel installed capacity by 2030. Now India has passed 300 gawatt that is in 2026 we have we are passing 300 gawatt which is at present 300.5 gawatt. So the clean energy now accounts for more than 54%age of India's total electric capacity installed means out of 100% of installed capacity 54%age is from green sources that is clean sources and remaining 46% is from non fossil fuel sources. But here is a catch though 50% 54%age comes from clean energy as as installed source clean energy as installed source its power generation capacity is only 30 to 35%age because though still 46%age that is less than 50%age installed capacities from fossil fuels the Power generation mean the final power output that is we that we that we claim is around 65 to 70%. So in power generation still the fossil fuse is reading means they are they are giving the maximum power or the 2/3 of power for India but in gen in power capacity installation that is for total installation if you see clean energy is actually outpacing the positive fuels. So that is very important one. This is the step that we take towards net zero. Once it outpace slowly this percentage that is a power generation power percentage from the clean energy will increase. So India has actually now passed this 300 gawatt of uh clean energy power sources. Our target is 500 gawatt before 2030. So if you see the breakdown between these non-fossil fuel sources, solar power is leading with 165 gawatt then wind then hydro. So you need to know the order solar, wind, hydro, bio then nuclear. So whenever you are asked about some orders arrange them in ascending or descending you need to know order. Solar is the first and nuclear is the last. Okay. So this is for clean energy sources. For non-clean energy sources like quasal fuels as I said it is less than 50%age of installed capacity but the power generation is around 70%age. So we'll see a question related to our discussion with reference to India's installed non fusel non fossil fuel based electricity generation capacity. Consider the following statements. The first statement is India's cross 300 gawatt of installed non fosil based non fossil fuel based electricity generate generation. That is exactly correct. We have we are at present 300.5. Our target is 500 gawatt by 2030. Non fossil fuel sources account for more than half of India's total installed electricity generation capacity. Yes, it is 54%age. Non-fossil fuel force installed capacity is 54%age but power generation is only 32 35%. So this statement is correct. Non fossil fuel based capacity include solar, wind, hydron, nuclear power. That is exactly true what we discussed. The crossing of 300 gawatt implies that fossil fuel based power generation capacity has fallen below 50%age. No fossil fuel power generation is still around 65 to 70%age because the power generation is final output. So final output is around 70%age but the installed capacity is only less than 50%. So four statement should be incorrect. Let's check the answer. The answer should be B. Yes, the answer is B. Thank you for your time. Please like, share and comment and have the bell icon pressed for on our YouTube channel for instant notification and also better current affair analysis. See you again in the next interesting current affair discussion. [music]