Daily Current Affairs Analysis | 11th September, 2026 | Shankar IAS Academy | UPSC | Mains 2026

Hello everyone, welcome to the daily current affair analysis brought by Shankar Academy 11th September 2026. Before getting into the discussion, please make sure that you subscribe to our YouTube channel. If you haven't please do subscribe and also hit the bell icon to receive ontime updates from the academy. And moving to the topics for today's discussion. The first topic is about CBR and reconnaissance work. So now the defense acquisition council of India have approved the acceptance of necessity for the or they have granted the acceptance of necessity for the CBRN reconnaissance vehicle. So in this background we'll be discussing what is mean by CBRN reconnaissance vehicle and what is the role of this vehicle in the defense and the next article is about the Nicaragua Germany case in international court of justice. So the Nicaragua the it is a central American country and they have filed a complaint in the international court of justice saying that the Germany have supported the gasa genocide and the third article is about the dark matter and blackout. So a recent study a recent research found that the accumulation of heavy dark matter can turn a stellar object or a star into a black hole. So we will be discussing you know this research and also how it is related with the Stephen Hawkings radiation theory and the fourth article is about the artic article 371 and leak. So now the ministry of home affairs have proposed you know uh to grant special provisions to the union territory of leak under a new chapter in the article 371. So in this background we'll be discussing what is article 371 what are the major concerns and what are the major demands from the ladak and how this article 371 is going to address the demands or aspirations of the people in ladak and finally we'll be discussing the prelims focus for the day and the topics for the prelims focus is taken from the is parliament of shangar academy so with all said let's begin the discussion with the first article coming to the first article what are CBR and reconnaissance workles that the Indian armed forces are planning to acquire article is taken from the Hindu. So now the defense accusation council we know that defense accusation council is the effects body which you know takes decision regarding the purchase or procurement of the defense equipments. So now the defense accusation council and this defense accusation council is chaired by the defense minister of India. So now the defense accusation council has granted acceptance of necessity for defense procurement proposals worth of around 1.10 lakh cr. So what is this acceptance of necessity? It's a inprincipal approval given by the defense accusation council to proceed with the procurement of certain defense equipments. Okay. And what what is the news now? The Indian armed force they have made some proposals to the defense acquisition council and the proposal has a worth of nearly 1.10 lakh cr rupees. That means it is regarding the purchase of the defense equipments and now the defense acquisition council has approved the proposal or the request from the Indian armed force. And one of the important elements or one of the important equipments mentioned in the proposal is nothing but the CBRN reconnaissance workles for the Indian army. So what is the CBRN reconnaissance worker? So we know that reconnaissance what is meaning what is the meaning of reconnaissance exploring or checking something right. So the CBRN works are the specialized military vehicles that are used to detect CBR and L agents. So what is CBRN agents? C stands for chemical, B stands for biological, R stands for radiological and N stands for nuclear. So this works has certain specialized devices and equipments and that can monitor the chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear agents in the in certain area. So we know that you know if a war happens you know there is a high possibility that the factories will be destroyed sometimes the chemical factories will be destroyed in that case some hazardous or toxic gases will be released right and most of the time sometimes those gases will not be visible in the naked eyes and sometimes we cannot dictect with the smell and therefore we cannot detect that means we cannot dictate the CBRN agents in a conventional means but this vehicles has are equipped with certain devices and equipments which can detect this agents. Therefore, you know, we can uh the workers can detect the CBR agents and they can identify the type of hazard. What type of hazard is that? Is it a radiological hazard? Is it a is it a biological hazard or is it a chemical hazard? And then they can monitor the contamination level. What is the level of the hazardous element in the atmosphere and they can map the contaminated area. So you know how far this area is infected or what is the what is the how much area is affected because of this leak of the gas or the leak of the biological toxic biological elements and it can mark the hazardous zone and they can communicate the information to the military force or the authorities. So this is the uh you know this is the CBR and reconnaissance work and we can see that yes like I mentioned the significance. So this CBR and agents are not visible in our naked eyes. we cannot sometimes detect them through smell or in a conventional means. Therefore, this vehicle will help the army to detect, identify, monitor and mark uh the hazard and they will also report the you know the information regarding the hassad to the authority. So the commanders the army force they can avoid the contaminated route. Sometimes the you know sometimes the if there is a war the the opposition will try to you know destroy this chemical factories you know uh to kill the people or to kill the armed forces. So in that case we can avoid the contaminated route. We can protect the health of the troop and also we can protect our equipments and we can plan the movement and deployment and also we can identify areas requiring uh you know uh required for the decontamination and we can reduce the casualities from exposure and also we can use uh we can see that this works can be also used for disaster management. So you know we know that the bohal tragedy right in the in in such cases in such similar incidents we can use this workle to reduce the casuality do we have any reconnaissance workle CBR and reconnaissance uh reconnaissance work yes we do we have the CBR and reconnaissance workle mark 2 so the CBRN our it is indigenously developed by India and it is developed under the collaboration of the vocal research and development establishment along with the barat electronics limited so We can see that you know the our indigenous system is called the reconnaissance work 2 and it is it it is modified from the BMP to infantry combat work platform. So the chases everything is taken from the uh BMP infantry combat work platform. So this is the picture of our uh you know indigenous reconnaissance work 2. So we can see that know this uh reconnaissance mark 2 work has a lot of similarity with the this workle because we have you know this reconnaissance work our indigenously made reconnaissance vehicle is a modified version of the BMP 2K. So it is an infantry combat vehicle that we use in the armed force and this vehicle has the capacity to move to water land and it can carry you know many equipments and also it has very good speed. So what we uh you know did is we uh we used this uh uh BMP uh 2K and we modified it. We modified we equipped the BMP2K with certain uh devices that has cap that has the capacity of to monitor uh the C CBRN elements and now we made the uh reconnaissance work 2. So we can see that you know this will also this reconnaissance mark to our indigenously made vehicle is capable of using in planes deserted region and also in semi-arid region and they can also operate close to the contaminated zone with the limited exposure to the people. So these are the major features of India's indigenously made reconnaissance vocal mark 2 and it is made from the BMP uh 2K and this BMP2K uh was developed under the collaboration of India and Russia. Okay. And one more question do we use any offensive you know do this work use any offensive movement? No because sometimes the offensive movements can become more dangerous. For example, imagine that there is a factory is already leaking and now we are bombing the factory. In that case, more contamination will happen, right? So most of the time this uh CBRN workers will not go for offensive action and now we are moving towards CBRN mini unmanned grounded ground vehicle. That means here you know we can remote we can control the vehicle in remote area. That means uh no need to uh no no need to drive it manually. So this will uh detect the uh the contamination. It will collect the sample you know it will similarly it will mark the contaminated area and it can operate it through remote and tele operation that means you know it will further reduce the the possibility of exposure to the contaminated site. So it will save more life and also it will protect the health of the armed forces. So now we are moving now we are the Indian army is researching on the uh CBRN mini uh unmanned ground vehicle. So this is the recent development and talking about the defense accusation council. So we know that defense accusation council was established in 2001 and it is headed by the defense minister of India and it is a effect decision-making body for the defense procurement in India and we can see that they will provide you know they will study sometimes the armed forces they will make proposal that they need these elements or these equipments for the defense purpose. So the defense acquisition will assess this and then if it is necessary they will give acceptance of necessity. That means it is an inprincipal approval uh you know uh to the armed forces to procure uh the uh equipments and that doesn't mean that we have signed any agreement for the procurement. It is an inprincipal approval for the uh request or for the proposal given by the armed forces. So now we are moving to the prelim practice question. The question is consider the following statements regarding CBR and retina and spirals. Statement one, they are primarily designed to detect, identify and monitor chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear hazards. And statement two, the CBR and reconnaissance work track M2 is based on BMP2 platform. Statement three, CBR and reconnaissance work are primarily offensive platforms intended to destroy the source of contamination. Which of the statements given above is or are correct? So they're asking for the correct statement. We can see that the statement one is correct. And statement two, the CBR and reconnaissance vocal mark 2 is based on BMP2 platform. Yes, you know, we took the BMP and we modified it. We equipped the BMP with the some devices that has the capacity to track the CBRN elements. Right? So it is the statement two is also correct. And statement three, the CBR and reconnaissance work are primarily offensive platform intended to destroy the source of contamination. See, it is you know it it uh it it is not the way to handle the CBR and agents. Right? If you destroy the source of contamination, more contamination will happen. So the statement three is incorrect while one and two are correct. So the correct answer is option A one and two only. Yes. With this we will move to the next article. Coming to the second article, why Nicaragua is suing Germany at the world court invoking genocide convention. Article is taken from the Hindu. So now what is the issue? So the central American country Nicaragua they have filed a complaint in the international court of justice saying that Germany has violated the article one of the genocide convention of 1948. they have supported the genocide that is currently happening in the Gaza and Germany they have you know obviously they have rejected the complaint and they also asked the international court of justice to dismiss the case and now the international court of justice is listening to the Germany's preliminary objections so in this background let us understand more about this article so starting with the genocide convention so formerly it is known as it is formerly known as uh the gen the convention on prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide. So we know that in 1930s in Nazi Germany right the genocide happened. So in genocide means mass killing of the people due to their ethnicity or due to their belief or the or due to some other identity or due to some other reason right. So we can see that the genocide you know in the Nazi Germany approximately 6 million people lost their lives. 6 million people lost their lives and that included majority of them were Jews and some of them were communist and some of them were socialist and some of them were you know uh activist of liberalism and we can see that followed by this German incident the world became more aware about the catastrophe of the genocide and in 1948 the general assembly the UN general assembly adopted the convention on prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide also called genocide convention and it came to force in 195 51 and India is a member India is a party to this convention and what is the objective that is it established genocide as a crime under the international law and the states party the states parties undertake to prevent a genocide and punish genocide that means the parties the the the states or the nations which are party to this convention has to prevent the genocide and also in case the genocide happens they have to punish the culprits and we can see that the disputes between states concerning the interpretation, application or fulfillment of the convention can be brought before the international court of justice. So who will be deciding the matters associated with the genocide convention? It is the international court of justice. So international court of justice we know that it is one of the important arms of the United Nations. Right? And talking about the the the the person or the states which have filed the complaint, it is the Central American country Nicuarua. So central American country nikua. It is the largest country in the central America due to the area and we can see that the capital is Manoga and the region it is located in Central America and the currency is Nicuaruan Cordoba and currently it is ruled by the Sandinista National Liberation Front. It is a party which uh which is you know based on left political ideology and the president the currently the leadership lies with two people that is Daniel Ortega and his wife Rosario Murio and we can see that it is the largest country in the central America by area. So now they have filed a complaint in the international court of justice. So what is the complaint? The Nicaragal alleges that the Germany supplied military support and weapons to Israel violating article one of the convention. So we know that article one of the convention of the genocide article one of the genocide convention is talking about what it is talking about the responsibility or the obligation of the states or the party to prevent and punish the genocide. But now the Nicaragua is claiming that the Germany have supplied weapons to the Israel and that has violated the article one of the convention and it argues that this support could facilitate act potentially covered by the genocide convention. So you know yes it is violating the article one of the uh convention and Nikaraga therefore claims that Germany may have failed to fulfill the obligations to prevent the genocide under the convention and uh you know now uh the international court of justice is listening or it is hearing to the preliminary objection. So what happens now? So what will be the what will be the event that is going to happen next? So we can say that uh you know the if if the claim if the uh if the complaint of the numeric surveys the preliminary objection from German then the international court of justice will move to merits. So that time the nicaragga when the when the case is moved to the merit that time the nicquar can prove the allegation based on evidences and other data and then uh the the the uh you know the case you know the case will go for many years that means the judgment will take years and if the in the end if the Germany is found guilty in that case the court will ask for reparation. Okay so this is what is going to happen. So uh now uh the the file the the the complaint filed by the nicaraga has to survive the preliminary objection from Germany and if it is survives the preliminary objection from Germany then the court will move to merits and in the merit the nicaraga can you know they can prove their complaint or they can prove the allegation using evidences and data and in the end then also the you know the case will continue for years. the case may continue for years and in the end if the uh Germany found guilty in that case the court can go for you know uh they can order for uh you know reparation. So this is what going to happen you know if the Germany is found guilty and now we have the premium practice question the question is with reference to the genocide convention consider the following statements. Statement one, it was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. And statement two, it entered into force in 1951. And statement three, the disputes between the states relating to the convention can be referred to the international criminal court. Which of the statements given above is or are correct? So we know that statement one and statement two are correct. Statement three, disputes between states related to the convention can be referred to the international criminal court. No, according to the uh convention the the settlements or the interpretations or you know uh the such uh things are done by the international court of justice not the international criminal court. So international criminal court is established based on you know wrong statute and uh this court this international court of international criminal court will punish the individuals while the international uh court of justice will punish the states or they will take action against the states. Right? So that is the core difference but both are headquartered in H in Netherland. Okay. So uh please go through the difference between the international court of justice and the international criminal court. Okay. So the the statement three is incorrect. Remaining uh two statements are correct. So the correct answer is option A 191. Yes. With this we will move to the next article. Coming to the third article. Dark matter could form tiny black holes inside stars. article is taken from the Hindu. So a recent research found that the accumulation of heavy dark matter in the stars in the dense stars can eventually turn the star into a black hole. So in this background let us understand more about this article. So we know that if you take the universe we have five percentage of ordinary matter. So we have five percentage of ordinary m matter like atoms, planets and the stars and also the galaxies and 27% consist of dark matter. So dark matter is a matter that is invisible. That means we cannot observe it because it will not react with the light. The only way to understand about this dark matter is uh you know the gravitational effect from this dark matter and 68%age consist of dark energy which drives the expansion of this cosmos. So this is the ma this is how the you know this is these are the major constitutes of our universe and talking about the dark matter. So what is the news accumulation of heavy dark matter can eventually turn the star into a black hole. So we know that black hole is formed when a star is dead you know when the fuel in a star is dead and sometimes the black hole can formed through merging you know of two black holes and now we found that the accumulation of dark matter in the black in the in the dense stars can eventually turn the star into a black hole and talking about the dark matter so it is an unseen substance in the universe and we can see that it will not emit absorb or it will not react with the light and the only way to understand about this dark matter is the gravitational effect from the dark matter and we are assuming that you know the the you know uh weak uh interacting massive particles axion and also the hallow compact hallow objects in the universe. So these are the major we are assuming that these are the major candidates or these are the major constitutes of this dark matter but the studies are still going on. So, so far we have only limited understanding about this dark matter and now we found that the accumulation of the dark matter can sometime lead to the you know the formation of that that can transform the stellar or the dark the stars into uh black hole and talking about the black hole. So what is mean by black hole? Black holes are the regions in space with the strong gravity. Even the light cannot escape the black hole. And talking about the black hole we have the singularity. It is a point of infinite density at the center. So the center of the black hole is called the singularity and the even horizon it is a boundary of no return. That means once it is a boundary of the black hole. So after this boundary once you cross this boundary there is no return even the light cannot return. And then hawking radiation. So we will be discussing what is this hawking radiation in the coming slide. So Hawking radiation is a theory proposed by Stephen Hawking. According to this theory, we can say that the black hole will uh emit the radiation that is they will emit a uh you know uh the quantum the the quantum emission will be there from the black hole and eventually this radiation this emission will lead to loss of the mass of a black hole and the black hole will eventually die. This is a theory proposed by the Steven Hawking. So we will be discussing the the Hawking radiation in the upcoming slide and we will discuss you know um what is the the relation between the new research and the Hawking radiation and next is the mass and size. So we can see that the black hole the smaller black holes evaporates faster than larger black hole. So if the black hole is too big it can survive for some some more time and if it is very small the mass and the size is very small and uh you know then in that case the black hole will not survive for a long time it will die because of the quantum emission and talking about the formation. So we know that normally the black hole is formed when you know from the gravitational collapse of a massive star and you know now we found that this study proposes that reaccumulation of the heavy dark matter can eventually turn the star into a black hole. And talking about the the findings, so we can see that the central claim of the study is heavy dark matter can trigger the black hole formation inside the dead stars. And we have used the stellar objects like millisecond pulses and the white dot for understanding about this profusion. So this study that means the the study on the millisecond pulses and white do helped us to understand how the accumulation uh you know the process that means how the accumulation uh can lead to the formation or it can it can lead to the transformation of of a star or a stellar object into a black hole and at the same time the study will understand about will help us to understand about the the constraints of the uh on the dark matter. So talking about the millisecond pulsar. So the millisecond pulsar is a rapidly rotating neutron star and it regularly emits the beams of electromagnetic radiation. So what it emits it it is a neutron star emitting electromagnetic radiation and the rotation interval of the star is approximately less than 10 milliseconds and it's a dense remnant of a collapsed massive star. So we know that you know sun is a star. Our sun is there and once it ends the the the process of the energy that means energy production the you know the the hydrogen helium fusion. So once it is ended know the sun will slowly turn into a you know a white dot right and then eventually it can also become a a black hole and we can see that in this case in the in the case of the millisecond pulser it is a remnant of a collapsed massive star and the age of the star is approximately 1 billion years the age of the star is approximately 1 billion years not this year and next is the white dot so it's a hot dense stellar remnant and that forms when law or a mass dark exhaust the fuel. So that is the similar process that we are estimating behind the death of our sun in the solar system and we can see that the it is less denser than the neutron star and it is supported by the electron degeneracy pressure and the approximate age of this white darth is around 10 billion years. See the universe is 13.8 billion years and the the age of this white darth is around 10 billion years. that means it is it is surviving for a long time. So this uh help us to understand the constraints faced by the uh the the dark matter in turning a stellar object into a black hole. Okay. And now we are going to see the formation that means how the stellar object will be converted into a black hole by the uh dark matter. So the first process of this is the capture of the dark matter. So we can see that the stars or the stellar objects they will capture the dark matter. then the dark matter will slowly accumulate in the center of the star and then what happens gravitational collapse will happen uh and then you know slowly the dark matter will consume the star and eventually turn the star into a a black hole. So this is the process proposed by the study. So we can see that now we are going to understand the relation between the hawking radiation and dark matter feeding. So we can see that according to the theory proposed by the Steven Hawking the the uh the black hole will emit uh you know the radiation and over period of time the due to the continuous emission of the black hole uh continuous emission of the radiation from the black hole the black hole will lose the mass and eventually it will die that means the the the the possibility of the small black hole to die fast faster is much higher. Okay. So the black hole with the less size and less mass will evaporate faster than a larger black hole. Okay. And now we can see that the continuous supply of the dark matter can offset this loss and let the tiny black hole grow bigger. So this is the first major finding. So if the dark matter is speeding the black hole then the black hole will you know survive for some more time. So that that is the you know that is the uh the you know this is this is highlighting a limitation in the study of the Stephen Hawking done in the past. So according to the Hawking radiation theory the black hole will slow em emit the radiation over period of time due to the continuous emission of the radiation the black hole will lose the energy and it will die and if the black hole is very small it will die faster and if the black hole is larger then it can survive for some more time. Okay. But now we can see that if there is a continuous supply of the dark matter then the survival chance is much higher. So the black hole can survive for some more time. And now we can see that the paper also fac also factors in the quantum effect on extremely small small scale. So we can see that you know it this this this process also has its limitation. This process also has its limitation. For example, if you take the case of the pulses and white task we can see that they are surviving for a very long time. That means the milliseconds pulser is surviving for nearly 1 billion years and this white daff is surviving for nearly 10 billion years. Okay. So we can see that in that case the faster action of the dark matter is ruled out. So the process can happen the process can happen. The dark matter can consume the stellar object. It can turn a black turn a star into a black hole. But the the the rate of this uh you know the the speed of this process is much lesser. Okay. So that is the major findings of the study. So the study found that you know the it highlighted one of the major limitations in the limitations in the Stephen Hawkings radiation theory. And at the same time they the studies on the the millisecond pulser and the white off highlighted that yes this dark matter can consume the star and turn the star into a stellar object. But the there is also a limitation. So the limitation is the stellar longevity. So sometimes you know the the the size or sometimes the longevity of the stellar object itself can become a major constraint for this dark matter to consume the entire stellar object and turn it into a black hole. Okay. So what is the significance of the study? So now we are going to see the significance. So what is the significance? So we can see that the the stellar objects like the millisecond pulser and the the white do is acting like a natural laboratory to understand more about the universe. And now we can also understand about the the you know the the the limitations of the heavy dark matter. And then you know it is uh it is another step towards understanding about the formation of the dark sorry the black hole. So we know that black hole is usually formed when the fusion process in a star is you know ended right it can it will turn into a white do and eventually turn into black hole and also sometimes merging of two black holes can happen. So you know two black holes will merge together and it can become a big black hole. So that possibilities are also there and also we can see that this new study is bridging three branches of you know uh three branches of physics that is the astrophysics, quantum gravity and particle physics and also we can see that the study was done by the researchers from the the the institute of the manipal institute of natural history and also the researchers from the Tata Institute for fundamental research. So we can you know it is a major contribution from India. So we have literally you know highlighted a major uh a possibility of major limitation in the Hawkins radiation theory and also opens new questions on internal life cycle of dense stellar remnants and also it reinforces the cosmic implications of unseen 20%age of the universe matter budget. So that means we know that the dark matter constitute 20 27 percentage of the total universe and from this we can understand you know how important or what is the influence of this dark matter in the process of the cosmos. Okay. So I hope you understood this topic and with this we will move to the brilliance uh practice question. The question is with reference to the recent study on dark matter and stellar remnants consider the following statements. Statement one, dark matter can directly can be directly observed through its own electromagnetic emission. And statement uh two, a millisecond pulsar is a rapidly rotating neutron star that emits regular beams of electromagnetic radiation. Yes, we have discussed this point and it is correct. And statement three, according to the Hawking theory, smaller black holes evaporate faster than the larger black holes. That is also correct. According to the Stephen Hawkings theory, it is correct. And statement four, a white dove is formed from the gravitational collapse of a super massive star at the end of its life cycle. So we can see that the white dot is formed when you know the the process the fusion process inside the the star is ended right. So you know that time it is formed and that is formed you know that can uh that can be formed from a medium star and also this process can happen in in between the life cycle also. So the statement four is incorrect and the statement one is incorrect. The dark matter can be directly observed. No, it cannot be observed directly. So the statement one and four are incorrect. Uh two and three are correct. So the correct answer will be option B. So they are asking how many of the statements are correct. So cor option B only two. Two and three are the correct statements. So the statement know the option B is the right answer. Let's check. Yes, with this we will move to the next article. So coming to the fourth article, ministry of home affairs proposes new chapter K under article 371 for LEAK. Article is taken from the Hindu. So we know that in the recent time there was huge protest on the leak you know demanding restoration of the statehood know schedule status and know better autonomy and now considering the situation the ministry of home affairs have proposed the article 371 framework for the ladak with seven district councils. So in this background let us understand more about this issue. So we know that to understand the the ongoing issue in Ladak to understand the demand of Ladak we have to you know uh understand the the situation before 2019 and after 2019. So we know that in 2019 we removed the statehood of the Jammu and Kashmir and we we bifurcated the state into two new union territories that is the union territory of Ladak without legislature and union territory of Jammu and Kashmir with the legislature. So now uh that is in 2019 or before 2019 the major concerns of the leak was chronic neglect of fund job and infrastructure political and administrative dominance of the Kashmir valley and the cultural erosion faced by the Buddhist and Shia Muslim uh you know people extreme geographical and cultural isolation. So these were the major problems or major concerns of the Lak region before 2019. So what were the demands born from this concern? First is a demand for a separate union territory you know status that is you know uh that is dealing from the Jammu and Kashmir administration and second is the freedom for Kashmir freedom from the Kashmir Kashmirentric politics and bureaucracy and the next is empowered le of autonomous skill development councils and also direct administration by the union government. So uh these were the major demands known from the pre209 concerns and we know that in 2019 we we entered the statehood of the Jammu and Kashmir and we we bifurcated the state into two new union territories that is the union territory of Ladak without legislature and union territory of Jammu and Kashmir with legislature and with this change with this change the concerns also changed. So after the 2019 the major concerns were a union territory without any elected legislature or chief minister. So union territory status was received by the ladak but they did not have a elected legislature that is the new concern and fear of demographic change and outside land ownership. So we can see that you know once it got union territory status you know the people from outside started coming to the region and also we can see that when when the Jammu and Kashmir was a state with a special provisions it had its own autonomy but now they lost the autonomy therefore you know the the people have a fear of you know uh you know control over the resource and their capital and next is the fragile Himalayan ecosystem. So we know that in the recent time we witnessed the catastrophic incident in Nepal. So the Himalaya especially the uh in the Himalayan region the glacier melting you know the climate change all these things are becoming a great concern for the people of the Lak and also no constitutional shield for 97%age of the scheduled tribe population. So these are the new concerns from Lead. So what are the major demands you know arising from this concern? The first is the grant of full statethood with the legislative assembly. So before that they demanded for the union territory and now they received a union territory but a union territory without legislature. So now they want a state uh you know there is a demand for a statehood with the legislature. And next is the inclusion under the article sorry the the schedule sixth of the constitution. So we know that schedule six of the constitution provides special provisions for the north for northeastern eastern states regarding the management of resources and also for the protection of culture. So now the leak in the recent time they are demanding the sixth schedule status and also there's a demand for two separate locks of a seat one for cargill and one for lake and there is another demand that is a doicile based job reservation and also a separate public service commission for the ladak so these are the new demands from the ladak after the 2019 so now I know now we are going to see article 371 so we know that article 371 of the Indian constitution it is It is in the part uh 21 of the Indian constitution is a temporary transitional and pro special provisions for the states. So we can see that under this article 371 through uh you know subcloser that is subclosure from article 371 to 371J you know 11 states in India have special provisions. So the purpose of this article 371 is to protect language, culture, land and tribal identity of the region. And we can see that under this pro under this article 371 the states can establish a separate board they can make a separate reservation and also they can take many measures for the conservation of the land and the cultural identity of the people right and we can see that now what the union government has accepted. So now the union government that is home minister Amisha Hamisha's formal commitment in August 26 uh 2026 to a new chapter. So now the union government that is the ministry of former first said that we will add a new chapter that is chapter K under the article uh 371 for special status or or or for the special provisions of the union territory of leak. So we can say that this includes seven districts each with an autonomous skill development council and also under this provision the union territory of leak will have a union territory level coordinating body you know above the district council. So you know seven district will be there and for each seven district you know for each districts there will be one autonomous hill development council and autonomous hill development council will be coordinated by a union territory level coordinating body. So these are the you know major proposals now or these are the major you know proposals from the union home ministry regarding the recent concerns from the ladak. So under the article 371 we are going to add a new chapter and under this chapter uh seven districts will be there and for each district there will be each for each uh district there will be autonomous hill development council and all this autonomous hill development councils will be regulated by the or it will be coordinated by the union territory level coordinating body. Okay and significance of article 371 chapter 4 leak. So we can see that you know what are the major benefits or what are the major or what is this importance of the uh importance of providing article 371 to the ladak first a formal constitutional recognition for the ladak uh you know uh in the region and next is it will shield it will a legal shield for uh land culture language and tribal rights of the region. So we know that currently the major concern is 97% of the scheduled tribal population are not covered adequately right so that this concern can be addressed and next is the seven district hill councils deepen the grassroot democracy so we can see that you know seven district hill councils they will be taking care of the administration of each district and they can address the aspirations of the interest of the people so therefore it will deepen the grassroot democracy and creates a first union territory level elected voice short of a legislature so We know that there is a demand for statehood with the legislature. But now the union government is not in a position to give or to accept this demand. Therefore, now we are going for a first union uh union territory level coordinating body. They will be coordinating the the the proposals and the demands from the districts and next preserves the union strategy control. So we can see that it maintains a balance. So you know if you give statehood the state will have more control over this region. you know the union territory may face certain restrictions in interfering or intervening in this region. So now what is the union government is doing you know they are giving uh a special provision under article 371 and at the same time the union government will be able to you know manage the or to regulate the the issues here and next is the faster than statehood. So you know providing statehood is a huge procedure but providing a special provision under article 371 is much faster and it restores trust and formal dialogue between the central and the leak you know uh administration. So and also sets a template of a of a asymmetric federalism for other union territories. So that is a concern also that means you know there are union territories working without legislate. So if we if we go and address the lux issue alone then it is going to create you know uh a small uh imbalance and does article 371 fulfill demand that is the question. So is you know is the special provision can address the concerns of the uh uh leak. So partially it can address you know issues related related to identity and culture. You know uh the article uh the special provision under article 371 will deepen the the grassroot level democracy and also it is of we are going to establish a first union territory level elected voice for the region and also it will protect the the culture land and traditions of this region. So these areas can be addressed but on other side you know still there are things which is left unmet that is the demand for the full statethood. So that means the union territory status is still continuing and know the there are uh know movements in this region who are demanding the stateood. So we have no idea if you know will the union government will provide the statethood or you know is there any possibility for that and next is the sixth schedule inclusion. So there was a demand for the specific schedule inclusion and that is also not provided and also the left tenant governor control. So we can see that even though there is a union union territory level body to coordinate the issues still the administrative control will be with the left hand governor and no separate public service commission or loss of a seats for the leak. So these are the demands that is still left unmade. On other side through this article 371 we can address matters related to grassroot level administration, cultural protection of cultural identity and resources and why the union government cannot accept the demand fully. So you know there is a lot of demand from the Lok and why the union government cannot accept the demands. So the first is the strategic location. So we know that Ladak you know it is strategically located near the China and Pakistan and we know that our relation with these two countries especially when it comes to the border issue it is not good and next is the border and the defense infrastructure project. So we know that China they are you know they they are boosting their defense infrastructure and you know uh and on other side you know if in the future if you want to boost our defense infrastructure in the border region uh in that case the statehood of the uh the LED can be a small issue and also the population of the Lak it is it is approximately three lakh which is you know which is not enough for a stateood and also uh the sixth schedule. So we know that you know sixth schedule was designed for the northeast not high altitude borders and we know that the sixth schedule is exclusively for the four northeastern states and a full states state missionary is the is administratively costly for a small population base. So we can see that you know the the population of the ladak is just three lakh and if you're going for a establishment of state then running the administration can become little bit costly and also the statehood may disturb the federal balance at the strategic boundary. So we know that you know the comparing with the with the northeastern region the the leak and associated border regions are very you know strategically more important and also we have lot of concerns in this region right and therefore the state granting statethood has a lot of restrictions and the crossber tensions demand a unified national security command. So we know that you know especially the the proxy groups which is active in this group in this in this in this region naroterrorism you know all the uh issues in the in the region you know is acting as a barrier in providing the stateood or providing more autonomy or more administrative you know uh autonomy to this region. So these are the reasons why now the union government is not in a position to grant the full statethood uh to the ladak and also not in a position to address the full demands raised by the ladak. So way forward so what can be done how we can address this issue? So we know that leak you know we have to stabilize the ladak we have to you know uh you know bring peace and stability in this region. So for that what we can do first is introduce a formal constitutional amendment for the uh article 371 for inclusion for the inclusion of the chapter K that is very important. So we you know the comparing with the uh they demanded for the the many groups in for example the cargle democratic alliance they have demanded for the you know more autonomy statethood and the schedule but the union government was not in a position to grant all this demand but now the union government is ready to give the article uh sorry artic the provisions under article 331 so fast make the procedure faster and next is consult the leak ax body and cargle democratic alens so they are the you know groups working that means they are the popular groups working in this region you know pressure groups working in this region. So without consultation if you go further then it will further aggravate the issue. And next is legal guarantee uh you know legal legally guarantee doicile land and job reservation for the local. So you know the the economic aspirations has to be fulfilled. NXS adopt an ecology first development model to protect and to conserve the the fragile Himalayan ecosystem and empower the district councils with the real financial and administrative teeth. So we can see that if the district council is established and if they do not have proper fund and capital in that case you know there will there will not be much change and next is retain the union security prerogative without diluting the local voice. That means strengthen our security measures without diluting or without affecting or hurting the local voice. And next is institutionalize a periodic constitutional review every decade to understand the changing you know demands or interest of the people. And next is build a durable leak cargle consense uh consens the the there are two regions in the leak that is le and cargo. So build a proper talk between these two uh regions for better implementation of the article 371. So these are the measures that we can consider while addressing the problems of LED in the coming days. So now we have a mains practice question. The question is critically examine whether a customized article 371 framework can balance LED's local aspirations with the union's security imperatives. So it's a 15 marks question and you have to write around 250 words. Write the answer, post it in the comment section. We will review and we will reply through your answer. Now it's time to move to the prelims focus for the day. Coming to the prelims focus for the day. The first topic is Palawara lingum and pandia coin. So recently we have discovered a palava shibilingum and also a pandia coin. Pandya copper coin from the budalur region of Tanjaburu district in the state of Tamil Nadu. So talking about the coin. So we know that coins always plays an important role in the uh in understanding the history of a region right and the study of the coin is called numismatics in in history right and we know that uh the the study of coin the numismatics will help us to understand about the trade relation. It helps us to understand about the policies the the economic policies of different rulers and also it will help us to understand the financial state of a same empire in different point of time. Okay. And now we can see that here the Pandia copper coin the discovered 3rd century Pandia copper coin belongs to the ruler emphavia who ruled the Pandia kingdom from 1250 to 1284 that is nearly 34 years and we can see that this coin was issued in the first year of Jerman's rule that is in the year 1251 and the weight of this coin is approximately 3.3 g and it depicts a human figure and also in the back It depicts a fish between you know a picture of fish between two lamps and we can see that the Tamil legend Elen talan is running around the rim of this coin. And also there is a marking of marking of the numerical know there is a numerical marking of number one which indicates that this coin was issued in the first year of Javar's rule. And talking about the Shivalingum, so it know the the height of the Shivalingum is approximately 3 ft. And also uh this shivalingum belongs to the uh the Palava period. And we can see that this region this Tjavur this associated regions were ruled by different dynasties and different empires in different point of time ranging from Cholas, Palawas you know Pandias you know and later you know the after the Marata conquest the Maratas also ruled this region and you know during the time of Vijay Nagar different nayas ruled this region. Okay. And this is the coin that we have discovered from the budalura. And the next topic is the 79th session of the WHO regional committee for Southeast Asia. So recently the the 79th session of WHO regional committee for Southeast Asia was held in the capital of Timis that is Dilli. And here we adopted the Dilli declaration. So not this Dilli declaration. Dilli declaration was a part of re who regional committee for Southeast Asia. So it was adopted in the 79th session. So talking about the the uh you know the uh the Southeast Asian uh committee. So it is a you know it is a committee which is focusing on the health. It is a WHO committee which is focusing on the health and wellbeing of the people in the Southeast Asian region. And in this meeting the the officials and health ministers from the member states participated and who are the member states of the Southeast Asian regional office? Bangladesh, Bhutan, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, uh India, Maldivis, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Timurist. So these are the members of the uh WH regional committee for Southeast Asia. And what is the objectives? Objective is to improve the regional access to specialized care, digital health and also teley consultation. And we know that we have received two awards from WHO for the elimination of maternal and neonatal tetanus and also for managing the non-communicable diseases like diabetes and hypertension. Okay. And the next topic is wildfire crisis in Kalimantan. So we know that Kalimantan it is a you know it's a territory of Indonesia and recently because of the climate change especially because of the severe Elino you know nearly 60%age of this wild you know forest was affected this region was affected because of wildfire that is approximately 20 25,000 sorry 25.8 million hectares was affected because of the wildfire and this wildfire was associated with the climate change especially the severe Elino that we are seeing in the recent time. So we can see that you know uh this is the this region this kimantan this region is a hot spot especially it is a it is an important location for the orangutan population so borneo orangutan population so we can see that in the last 50 years the orangutan population fell by 80%age to that is uh to the 57,350 so the know the forest is an important habitat for this orangutan population but because of this wildfire you know nearly 60% percentage of the power of was affected and you know this habitat of the species was affected and if you take the orangutan population in the southeast Asian region we have three orangutan population you know species and all the three populations or all the three species are considered you know critically endangered and uh and in as a part of the response immediate response we have you know we have conducted assessment that is we have conducted the the population and habitat viability assessment and also we have deployed the forces to manage the crisis and u but the concern is about the orangutan population and and also the people living in this region and uh the next this is the picture this is the condition of the kalimatan wildfire crisis and coming to the prelimin practice question the question is consider the following statements regarding the archaeological findings near podalur in Punjab statement one the pandia copper coin belongs to the reign of jaw government sundra pandian uh first and was issued in his first uh real year and statement two the reverse of the coin depicts a fish placed between two lamps and statement three the shivalingum discovered at the site is dated to the pandia period. So we can see that the first statement and second statement is correct. In the front we have a human figure depiction and in the back we have the depiction of a fish between labs. So the statement one and two are correct. The statement three the shivalingum discovered at the site dated to the pandia period. No it belongs to the Palawa era. So the statement three is incorrect. So the correct answer is going to be option A 192 only. So with this we are coming to the conclusion for today's prelimin forecast. With this we are coming to the conclusion for today's current affair analysis. If you like the video hit the like button, give your feedbacks as comments and share this content with your friends. And before leaving this channel don't forget to subscribe and also hit the bell icon to receive on time updates from the academy. Thank you for listening to us. Thank you for listening to me. Have a nice day.