Daily Current Affairs Analysis | 10th September, 2026 | Shankar IAS Academy | UPSC | Mains 2026

[music] Hi, hello, welcome to Shankar Academyy's daily Canada for analysis for the date 10th of September. Please like, comment, share and subscribe our YouTube channel and also have the bell icon pressed for instant notifications. So for the past one month the one month of August compilations is available now. We have attached all the current affairs that we will be discussing with all the notes that we need to need for your preparation. Everything is attached in the description. Please click on the link for the compilation of past August month current affair analysis. Now let's move on. Let's move on and see what are the topics for discussion today. So the first topic is chief justice appointment. So recently the Punjab government has objected to the chief justice appointment for the Punjab and Ariana Court because Punjana Punjab and Ariana Court shares the same I code. The both government sorry the both state shares the same I code and the chief justice appointment is just a consultation process consultation process with the governor because whenever the chief justice or the IO judge is appointed by the president he or she is going to consult the governor and governor is going to consider consider the views of the council of ministers though it is not binding on the president the views are actually taken in that context the Punjab government has actually objected to the chief justice appointment so we will see what are the process that have been present behind the scenes means how the chief judge is appointed, what are the provisions of constitution related to this IO judge, appointment, removal and also other process. That is the first topic. Second topic will be on thrishna mission. The thrishna mission is an mission uh jointly developed between ISRO and France France France space agency that is CNS. Okay. So we will see what is this mission, what are the objectives of the mission, what are the things that have been present in this mission and also why France is laying trust on PSLV again because though PSLV has successfully saw two two failures in May 2026 and May 2025 and January 2026 since then PSLV has been facing lot of backlashes but France France space agency is betting on PSLV again so we'll see those things in this second second part of discussion a third part of discussion will be on this rabies disease. Bhutan is actually eliminated rabies. WHO has accreditated or who has said that Bhutan has eliminated this dog dog transmitted rabies. So in this context we'll see what is rabies, how Bhutan has achieved it and also in the context of India how rabies is present. So that will be the third part of discussion and fourth will be on interesting topic which is coral slumping. Many of you would have heard coral bleaching which is going to affect the chloral ecosystem. So what is chloral slumping? What are what are soft corals? What are hard corals? Where this floral slumping is taking place and what are the reasons? These interesting things will be uh discussed there which which is also related to geographically how this Jigu island in South Korea is getting affected by this coral slumping. Everything will be discussed in this fourth topic. And finally we will end our discussion with the Bloom's focus. Three brief topics and also an interesting question at the end of the discussion. Let's begin our discussion with the first topic which is I court chief justice appointment. So recently justice Ashwini Kumar Mishra has been appointed as chief justice of Punjab and Ariana I code. Punjab and Ariana shares the same I code. So there's a common chief justice. So recently justice Ashini Kumar Mishna has been appointed but the state government of Punjab is actually objecting to this appointment but Ariana Ariana government is fine with it but Punjab government is not fine with this appointment. So we will in this article we'll see what is the role of state government whether they have a say in the appointment of chief justice of the respective high court what what are the steps that are been taken or what are the steps that have been followed for the appointment of chief justice of high court. So here you have to understand the principles or the constitutional background for this IC court judge and also a background for this appointment should be understood so that you'll understand you will be clear with it what is the role the state government is playing what is the role the governor or the president is playing in this appointment process. So if you see the IO judge the articles that covers this principles are this is 23 214 to 2 and 231. So you don't have to remember all the articles. You have to just remember just few articles. So one such is like 217. So 217 is where the appointment process has been uh declared where the president is the one who appoints the I uh I court judge. So president appoints I court judge not the governor. You have to make sure that you are clearing it. President appoints I court judge but the oath is actually administered by governor. That is the difference. President appoints and the oath is actually administered by the governor and the retirement age for HC judge is 62 years but for SC judge that is I court judge is 65 years that is the difference but earlier it was 60 years that is in original constitution for I court judge it was given as 60 years but only in 15th constitutional amendment in 15th constitutional amendment the 60 was increased to 62 so now the retirement age is 62 and the eligibility that is very important for eligibility to become become an I court judge, you have to be an Indian citizen first. Then you have to have at least of 10 years of judicial service in district courts and other subordinate courts or you should have at least 10 years of advocacy that is practicing as a lawyer in different I courts. So you have to have 10 years of advocacy practice or you have to have 10 years of judicial service practice and you should also be an Indian citizen to become the high court judge. So the retirement age is 62 that also should be considered and the resignation if you see the resignation submitted to the president not to the governor. So president is actually who's appointing who removing and also who's approving the resignation but governor just administers the oath of the IO judge and removal if you see president is removing the IO judge but there should be resolutions passed by the parliament that is both log sapa and raja sapph of SC judges actually followed that is uh special majority 2/3 present on voting and 50%age. So that should be followed to actually remove the SC judge. So similar procedure is also followed for the I court judge transfer again president is again is actually going to transfer the I court judge if needed based on the consultation of chief justice of India not chief justice of IO chief justice of India and acting chief justice additional chief justing chief justice are similar constitutional articles related to this. What what this acting chief justice says is that whenever there is an absence of chief justice for specific IC court any judge of of that specific ID only can be put as an acting chief justice. For example, there is an vacancy in the chief justice of medas high court but any judge in that any judges who are present in the high court of medas can be elevated to as acting chief justice of specific high court. So that is covered in article 223 which you which is not of that much importance and also additional and acting judges can also be appointed so that to fill the quorum. So whenever there is a need for more judges they can be appointed as additional and acting judges. This appointment is again similar to the process. Same process but they they will be termed as additional or acting judges. They'll have similar power power to the judges who are already present as a who are already um came through the normal appointment process. So that is all you need to know about this ICO judge the the eligibility retirement designation appointment these things are very critical where you'll be tested. So by knowing this you should also now come to this case where if you see whenever there is an appointment of IO judge who initiates it. So let's say there is an um there is a vacancy in I court judge or in a specific I court let's say Punjab and Ariana itself in Punjab and Ariana let's say there is a vacancy in I for a judge in I court so the chief justice of specific IOT is going to initiate the process then it goes to the Supreme Court poligium then that polygam is actually going to recommend it to the president via the government okay so it's initiated at the specific high court and then it goes to supreme court then it moves to government who going to pass it down to the president and president finally appoints it. Okay, that is how it is happening. But what is the role of governor here? Whenever the I court judge is appointed or whenever the chief justice of the specific IO is appointed, the governor is consulted. You mean to know consulted consulted not not binding on the president. See whenever the president is going to appoint an I code judge or the chief justice of high court he's going to consult the governor of the state and he's going to ask the view of the governor before appointing process but that consultation is not always binding on the president. So that is how you need to understand. So that is not always binding on the president. Still even here the state government doesn't have a direct say on the consultation but the governor is actually going to act according to the council of ministers of the respective state like for example if you are going to appoint a high court judge for Punjab and Ariana high court the governor of the uh state that is a governor of Punjab is going to give consultation give going to give is views to the president but that views is going to come from the council of ministers of Punjab. So that is how the state is actually playing a role. So state government role as I said there is no direct appointment power. State views are conveyed through the governor. As governor is consulted for the process by the president. So state is going to convey their views through the governor. So governor generally acts on the state's council of ministers advice. That is what article 163 says is generally going to act on the advice of council of ministers of the respective state even in this uh process. So state has only consultative power and no veto power. The consultation is not concerned that is consultation is just a recommendation or some their views but it is not binding on the president to appoint or to change the decision. So that is the role of state government which is very much minimal in the appointment of high court judge. So in this context though the Punjab government is today is claiming objecting that to the appointment of chief justice of the Punjab high court it is going to create an awareness. It is going to say why they are objecting. they are going to put up their points and say these are these are the reasons why we are not okay with this appointment. So that will that will actually give more awareness to the people though they don't have the or they don't have the veto power to change the decision they can just make aware of the people why they are not okay with this uh appointment in this background we have to see how this process of appointment has come into place so this is very quick we have discussed in many places I'll quickly go through it the first judge case the first judge case what the Supreme Court told that the concurrence that is the consultation is not concurrence so what is meaning that whenever there's an appointment of Supreme Court judge or high court judge the respective chief justice of high court or the chief justice of India is actually consulted. So in the article in this article like 217 it says that this the CJI that is chief justice of the specific I code should be consulted that consultation is not concurrence it means only they are going to consult the concurrence means it is not legally binding. So the executive add the power to actually appoint the judges. So earlier to this executive add the upper hand in appointing the judges of both I court and supreme court. So executive had dominance. But in second judges case is 1993. What happened? The chief uh Supreme Court reversed the decision and said that consultation is concurrence. Consultation is concurrence. So this this actually gave rise to the collision system. In collision system what happens? The Supreme Court told that consultation means you have to consult CJI plus two senior most judges. So this has actually initiated the collision. But again in third judges case what happened? The the Supreme Court expanded the collision. They told that for SCM that is to appoint XC judges and also to transfer the judges of sorry to appoint the Supreme Court judges you need to have CJI plus four senior mode judges as the collision and whenever you're going to appoint SC HC that is IOT judge you're going to have the collision as CJI plus two senior most judges okay so that that is the expansion that that they gave from second judges to third judges. They don't they did not dilute the collision system. They actually bolstered the collision system. But since then the government was actually having lot of apprehension saying that the process is more opaque. The judiciary itself is appointing judiciary officers. How it can be more transparent. So they brought 99 constitutional amendment bill. The 99 constitutional amendment bill talks about the national judicial appointments commission. What they said that let's replace this collision. Let's replace this collision with CJI two senior that is two senior mod supreme court judges union law minister and two eminent person. So totally six persons. Okay. So in total six person they what they said we'll have a composition like this and these six people will actually give recommendation to the president for the appointment of supreme court judge or I court judge. And if you see this two eminent persons, these two eminent persons will be uh picked by chief justice of India, prime minister and leader of opposition. So these three people will have a subcommittee to decide this two eminent person and this two eminent person along with Union law minister and chief justice of India again and two senior judges will comprise this national judicial appointment commission. But Supreme Court has clearly said that this is violation of uh trans this is violation of basic structure doctrine because it is reducing the independence of judiciary. So they stuck down this NJAC. So still the collision is actually now continuing because NJAC was stuck down in 2015 by 4 to1 majority in the Supreme Court. So that is the background of it. You need to understand the background of polyium system. So it came from first judges, second judges, third judges, evolution, then the Njac and finally in this context you should know what is the IC court judge appointment process. They are their resignation process, their um oath taking ceremony process. So these process can be tested in your films. So that is all about the discussion in this topic. So let's consider a question here. Consider the following statement regarding the appointments of high court judges. The first statement, the state government has the power to veto the appointment of high court judge, high court chief justice. No, they don't have the power to veto. They just have the consultation process. That means they just have the consultative power. They can just give their views to the through the governor to the president. They even don't give the views directly to the president itself. So they don't have the veto power. So first statement should be incorrect. So automatically the answer should be two and three. But let's check the second and third statement. The president appoints IO court judges after consultation with the chief justice of India and governor of the concerned state. That is exactly correct. President is going to appoint the ICO judge. Yes, true. But after a consultation with the chief justice of India and the governor of the consent state though the governor of consent state doesn't have the uh veto power he also has only the consultative power but still he is consulted. So the third statement under the present collision system judiciary has a primary judiciary as primacy in recommending I court judges. Yes the collision itself is going to actually recommend the IO judges not the executive. So judiciary has primacy in this appointment. So answer should be 2 and three as they are. What other statements are correct? Okay. So that's it. Let's check. Yes, the answer is 2 and three. Moving ahead with the second topic which is Trishna mission. So in this uh in this article we'll discuss what is this Trishna mission? What are the key features of this mission? What is a rocket that is going to carry this Thrishna satellite and also a practice question related to this uh discussion. So moving ahead we'll see. So Trishna mission is nothing but thermal infrared thermal infrared imaging satellite for high resolution natural resource assessment. So you no need to understand the full form and all you just need to understand it is for national resource assessment and it is infrared imaging. So whenever there's a light spectrum if you see light spectrum so there is radio waves or microwaves then infrared waves infrared higher then visible then x-ray uh sorry ultraviolet rays then x-rays then finally we have gamma rays. So this is a light spectrum. Okay this light spectrum if you see different satellites will work on different spectrums. So in this thrishna mission is going to work in this in this place that is infrared spectrum it is going to work in the infrared spectrum rays. So what is the difference here? If you see in the radio waves and microwaves the wavelength will be high. Okay the wavelength will be high. When it moves towards the gamma rays the wavelength will be less. Wavelength is distance between two troughs. Okay. Distance between two troughs is called wavelength. Okay. So here wavelength will be high. Here when you go towards gamma r the wavelength will be less. So when wavelength is less energy is high. Energy is high. Here energy is low comparatively. Okay. Whenever wavelength is high energy is high. Energy is indirectly proportional to wavelength. This is wavelength. Okay. So that is basic principle. So you need to understand what is infrared. That is simple. So this Krishna mission is about employed imaging for natural resource assessment. It is joint earth observation mission of ISRO and France. For France in for India our space organization we call as ISRO for France they call it as CNES. So these both organization are coming together to to launch this and it is going to be scheduled it is scheduled actually in 2027 on PSLB. So why this is significant? Because PSLB has faced two uh setbacks in May 2025 and also in January 2026. The C61 and C62 mission got failed actually it got failed in the third stage. Both has actually got failed in the third stage. So that is why PSLV has actually lot of criticism but still France government is saying that we have trust on ISRO because ISRO has performed very well not just the two this two mission failure will not affect our trust. So they're going to bet again on PSLB. So to be uh short on PSLV, PSLV is a third generation vehicle. Okay, third generation. Why it is third generation? Because our first generation was SLV that is satellite launch vehicle. Satellite launch vehicle. Satellite launch vehicle. And our second generation was ASLV that is auggmented satellite launch vehicle. Augumented satellite launch vehicle. So these were the first and this is second generation. And our PSLV was third generation third generation launch vehicle. So this third generation launch vehicle has four stages. Okay. First and third stage or solid fuel. Solid fuel is used and in uh second and fourth stage liquid fuel is used. So that is that is a major part that is important thing you need to understand and this PSLV was used for different missions like Alita L1 mission, Chandra one mission, Mangalan mission for these missions PSLV was being PSLV was used specifically it is used to launch the satellites to low LEO that is lower earth orbit and also to sun synchronous orbit. We will see what is suns synchronous or orbit sunsynchronous orbit. So PSV all you to know is that is third generation vehicle and is also it has four stages one one and three is solid fuel two and four is liquid fuel and it is also used it was used for launching many missions like Aditya mission Mangalan mission and Chandra in one mission so but GSLV comes as fourth stage just for information GSLV comes at the fourth generation sorry not fourth stage fourth generation vehicle PSLV is third generation GSLV is fourth generation that is the important thing of PSLV now we'll go for the features of this thrishna. So it is going to be placed in suns synchronous orbit. We will discuss what is sun synchronous orbit and it will revisit the equator at least 3 days every once in 3 days and the resolution this all is not required for your understanding just for information. The mission life is for 5 years and it was developed by CNES. India is going to give the PSV that is rocket but the satellite was developed by CNES. So that is what the thing you need to understand and it is going to work in the short wave infrared and also visible near infrared. So it is going to work in the infrared space. So infrared region is going to work and that payload is developed by ISRO. So this is all you need to know about the features of Trishna and the short understanding of PSLV. Let's move ahead. So this is the Thrishna mission for your uh information. Can see here solar panels. So this is what it is. So this solar synchronous orbit what is solar synchronous polar orbit? Generally polar what is polar orbit? Polar orbit nothing but whenever there's earth. Okay. There are satellites which revolve like this. There are satellites which revolve from north to south. Okay. This polar orbit nothing but the satellite is going to revolve. This is earth. Okay. Earth. And uh these are the this north to south and west east to west. So these are two things two orbits specifically we can name it as but this polar orbit nothing but the satellite is going to revolve the earth from north to south not specifically crossing the poles. It is not it is not necessary that not necessary not necessary that it has to pass the north pole and south pole but it is going to revolve the earth from north to south. That is what the polar orbit is about. And polar orbit is is also a low earth orbit. Low earth observation orbit that is the range it's going to be within 600 to 800 km from earth. So it is also a low earth orbit but the but the revolution that is the orbit is actually from north to south and the range is actually the same that is 600 to 800 km. Sunsynchronous means what sunsynchronous mean? Sun synchronism mean the time the solar time that the whenever the uh the satellite is going to revolve the earth from north to south it is going to pass the same spot on the same sun time that is sun time in the sense 24 hours that is revolution time of earth sun time is 24 hours right 24 hours per day so this whenever you're going to cross the same spot let's say you're going to cross uh Delhi so you cross Delhi today at 1:00 p.m. tomorrow also or next time when it comes also it is going to cross Delhi at the same time 1 p.m. So that is what is sun synchronous because whenever you see in the lower earth orbit the satellites are going to revolve the earth not in 24 hours it's going to take within 24 hours it will revolve three times four times there are multiple satellites which are going around the earth three times four times within a day okay so whenever so in that aspect what sunsynchronous means that it crosses the same spot at the same sun time so if you cross Delhi at 1 p.m. today it is going to cross Delhi tomorrow at 1 p.m. So that synchronous is that sync is actually present. That is what suns synchronous means. Sun synchronous is also a part of polar orbit which is north through south. That is all you need to understand. What are the key objectives of this mission? It is going to monitor plant water plant water stress irrigation and agriculture productivity urban heat islands glaciers hydrarology and also volcanic and geothermal anomalies. So these things are actually what is called natural resource assessment that we saw. So natural resource assessment includes all these objectives which are very much intuitive. What are significance that is also intuitive? You can just understand here climate monitoring. It's going to help in climate monitoring. Recently we saw the flash floods or the floods in Nepal and China. They were saying that the glacier melting is actually the reason for this uh that for that disaster. So to monitor such things we need specific satellites working for that aspect. So climate monitoring is an important significance. Water management it's going to monitor the evopo transpiration and the water. It's going to even monitor the water table present in that region and agriculture it is going to support and also it is going to have the energy studies that is helping to assess the surface energy balance. What is the insulation that has been received that has been let out. So these things also will be studied by this mission. So that is the significance of Krishna. So let's have the question related to the discussion. Consider the following statements regarding Krishna mission. Okay. The first statement is it is a joint earth observation mission. Yes, it is a earth observation mission of ISRO and French space agency CNES. So you'll be tested here just say NASA. Okay, you need to just be clear here. It is between France and India. So they will confuse it with NASA that is US mission. That is US space organization. So that you not you need not to be confused. So the first statement is correct. The mission will be launched using India's polar satellite that is PSV. Yes, that is exactly correct. Here also you'll be confused with GSLV. No, it is PSLV. These are our traps which which they might set and it payloads include thermal infrared and VN SW that is visible near infrared and short wave in infrared. So these two things are correct because this payload is developed by ISRO itself. So all statements should be correct. Yes, let's check. Yes, all statements are correct. Moving ahead. So our third topic of the discussion will be on Bhutan's uh elimination of rabies. So who has recently claimed or recently announced that Bhutan actually have eliminated rabies. So in this article we'll discuss what is rabies the disease rabies. We'll have the facts related to the rabies disease and we will see how Bhutan has eliminated rabies and also we'll have the context related to this disease in India. So rabies rabies is a viral zunotic disease. So whenever there is a disease you need to understand whether it's a viral disease, bacterial disease or fungal disease how it is going to get how it is actually formed or established. So this is a viral zunotic disease. Zunotic disease means from transferable from animals. Okay. So, rabies is a zunotic disease. It's a viral disease. It affects both animals and humans. So, it is going to affect both animals and humans. And once the clinical symptoms appear, once the symptoms of rabies appear, it is almost invariably fatal. Who claims that who says that this rabies is 100%age vaccinereventable. Okay. But whenever it's 100% vaccin preventable it is also saying that the whenever the symptoms occur before the symptoms occur you can put vaccine and you can cure it 100% once the symptoms occur it is almost 100%age fatal that is the seriousness of this rabbish disease and dogs are the major source of human rabbis transmission so you need to also understand here dogs are not the only source dogs are not the only source dogs are the major source Okay, that is a distin distinction you need to understand and globally rabies causes around 59,000 human deaths with the accounting of significance with India is actually accounting more number of absolute number of cases let's say in 100 cases of rabies in the world India accounts more number of cases not 50%age of cases let's say India may account 30 to 40% 40 percentage of cases that is as as a country India has actually more number of cases on rabies So why how actually validated this elimination of rabies in Bhutan. So a country can be recognized as having eliminated the disease when there is no human deaths from raw dog transmitted rabies for at least 2 years. So the last trans the last death was in 2023. In Bhutan the last death related to dog dog transmitted rabies was in 2023. So in that aspect it is clearing the first condition and the country demonstrates a capacity to prevent reemergence of this disease that is second presentation is also cleared by Bhutan and the criteria were established by WHO export consultation. So the two criterias the first criteria is the dog transmitted disease that is should be at least two years the last death should be at least of two years that is well well actually accomplished by Bhutan because last death was 2023 and also the country should demonstrate the capacity to prevent the reemergence of reemergence of transmission of rabies. So that is how the WHO has validated the Bhutan's progress. How Bhutan achieved it? They did ma mass vaccination of dogs. Dog population management was done. integrated human animal surveillance and also they cooperated between ministry of health and ministry of agriculture. So that is very important. You should not work in silos. You need to actually coordinate with the different ministries different departments which they did and also committee awareness and participation was strengthened. So these are the things which Bhutan did strategically to actually eliminate rabies that they called as one health approach. So one health approach is not only human health. One health is not only human health. It is also animal health and environment health. So it is going to consider every stakeholders involved with that disease and it is going to take care of all the it is going to address all those issues. So how the prevention of rabish transmission can be done. So it should be once controlled at source that is mass vaccination dog population management that is controlling at the source itself or protection after exposure. So I immediately you should wash off the bones with soap and water and also rabies waction should be put and rub in wherever it is indicated by the respected doctors because once your symptoms occur it is hardly you can hardly survive because it is 100%age fatal once the symptoms occur. So that is a seriousness which you need to understand of this rabies and in the context of India. So we understood what is rabies. Rabies is a viral zunotic disease and it is going to transmit from animals to humans. There is no human human transmission. That is also should be clear to you because there is no human human transmission. It is only going to transmit from animals to human. Okay. and rabies we saw uh the it is 100%age fatal and India is actually owning lot of rabies cases in the world and who has recently said that Bhutan is the first southeast nation to actually eliminate rabies elimination doesn't mean eradication we'll see what is the difference between elimination and eradication Bhutan has just eliminated this rabies so in India if you see rabies remains an important public health challenge and also this they We have different programs like the national rabbish control program to seeking progressively achieve and reduce the deaths by 2030. That is reduce almost zero deaths by 2030. The major challenges include for India is gaps in surveillance, weak animal birth control program, inadequate dog vaccination. If you see many problems even Supreme Court has highlighted that the dog minutes have been increasing in Delhi itself. So such problems are still trending and uneven implementation by local bodies that is there. So coordination between the bodies and need for stronger coordination stronger coordination between health and veterinary authorities. So these are challenges are still pertaining with India. So this all this these all challenges are common for different programs. So you need to understand you need to just frame have the framework of challenges for any given problem in India. What is this one health? One health as I said is human health, animal health plus environmental. So when you are addressing the disease you should consider all these three things only then you can holistically remove or eliminate the disease. So rabies is an important example because controlling the disease in animal service is central to protecting human health. You have to control the animal health as well as the human health only then you could overall control the rabies. Bhutan has eradicated as only eliminated. Eradicated means there's no case at all. There's zero cases that is present today. But elimination means there are there are certain cases which are under curing. There are certain cases which are undercured but there it is not it doesn't mean that there is zero cases. Let's say elimination means past two years before two years there was a death regarding rabies that dog transmitted rabies today there might be one or two cases here and there and that means elimination but eradication means zero cases means completely gone. So that is not that is not achieved by Bhutan. Bhutan has just eliminated the next step is to eradicate. So that is the uh that is the different stage set by WHO and WHO also identifies rabies as neglected tropic disease. Neglected tropical disease. So that is also you need to understand. It has identified rabies as neglected tropical disease. So it has different uh criterias for different diseases and rabies is put under neglected tropical disase. That is all about the discussion about rabies, Bhutan and India's context. Let's have a question related to it. Consider the following statement regarding rabies control. Bhutan became the first country the WHO Southeast Asia region to eliminate dog transmitted rabies as public health problem. Yes, they have eliminated not eradicated. That is very much important. They have eliminated not eradicated. And Bhutan is the first country to do so in the southeast region. And one health program approached rabies to approach rabies control focuses only on human health and veterinary services. No, one health is both for animal environment as well as human. It is not only for human health. So second statement remains incorrect. Mass vaccination of dogs is an important strategy for controlling rabies at its source. That is very much correct. At source you have to control then you have to actually vaccinate the dogs. So one and three should be correct. Let's check. Yes. one and three are correct. Let's move on and discuss the next interesting topic which is coral slumping. This concept of coral slumping is actually taking place again in Jigu Island near South Korea. We will see where Jigu Island is present. I'll have a map showing you and what are the geography of this island? We'll be discuss also this coral slumping. What is this coral slumping? What is the issue? We will we all know what is coral beach bleaching. Whenever the zuzanthalene that is when the coral this coral reef it will be in mutualism with zuzanthali. Zuzanthali is a organism which gives food and also which gives color food plus color to this corals. So this will be in mutualism that is it is going to help the zuzanth to stay near the coral gives the protection. So this zuzanth whenever it is going to leave this coral whenever that organism is going to leave the coral the color that it gives to the coral is actually gone. So now it coral is bleached bleached in the sense it is going to become white whitish color. It is also it will also lack some food. It is going to get it is in the stage of extinction. It is going in the stage of death. That that's what we can say. So whenever there is coral bleaching we see that zuzu zanthan is going to leave the corals and is going to uh not it is not going to give the color that it was giving to corals are there. So that was coral bleaching. But what is chloral slumping? We'll see what is plural slumping in the context we should also understand what is the difference between soft corals and hard corals. Once we understand we'll also see what are the reasons for coral slumping and and also what are the steps that can be taken to mitigate it. So what is coral slumping? If you see the soft corals will lose the internal fluid pressure. When they lose the internal fluid pressure, they're going to face this slumping proc slumping issue. Slumping is nothing but bending and losing its shape and dying. So whenever you slump when let's say you you are slumping, you are slumping the sense you lose your shape, you bend or you lose your shape and finally you actually die or something you're going to face some problem. So this chloral this coral what happens? A soft coral specifically soft coral is filled with water. Whenever it is filled with water it has different shape. So when has different shape it has to maintain the fluid pressure. When it is not going to maintain the fluid pressure within the coral it is going to bend or it is going to have some issues space. That is what is coral slumping is losing internal fluid pressure and collapsing over the seabed. It will collapse after it losing the shape after losing the fluid pressure. So it is not like art coral because hard coral will be having permanent structure. We'll discuss what is a permanent structure. What triggers this coral slumping is environmental stress and other issues like salinity, temperature rise of sea surface. There are different issues that is actually triggering this coral slumping. We'll also see briefly discuss what is what are those. And this was first documented in 2024 in Ju. Now it is again re reoccurring in 2026 which is making it more worse for this coral ecosystem. So what is the difference between soft corals and hard corals? As I said, soft corals will have different structure. The structure itself is flexible. It is going to be filled with water. Once it's filled with water, the water should maintain the pressure on the walls of this coral so that it is going to keep the structure intact. When once the water pressure the fluid pressure is not maintained, it is going to face the slumping issue that is it is going to bend and collapse. So once it's going to bend and collapse is what we call as slumping. Okay. But in hard to what happens hard to corals are generally filled with CO3 that is calcium carbonate ions. So this calcium carbonate is going to f is getting filled within the hard corals and they have a concrete like structures though they live in colonies. both live in colonies but they will have concrete structure and they don't they don't have this flexibility or the fluid pressure issue they don't have the slumping issue but they are faced with the bleaching issue okay why bleaching issue because whenever the ocean acidifies that is whenever the pH of ocean decreases when the pH of ocean decreases let's say there's more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere so ocean is going to absorb more carbon dioxide when more carbon dioxide is absorbed There is more carbonate ions in the ocean. When there's more carbonate ions, it reacts with H+ ions because H+ ions is already present in water because water is H2O. This H+ ions get reacted with carbonate ions and it forms H2 CO3 which is carbonic acid. This carbonic acid is going to reduce the pH that is acidification. Ocean acidification. Ocean has becoming more acidic, more acidic. So this carbonic acid is going to reduce the carbonate ions present in the ocean. So when it is going to reduce the carbonate ion present in the ocean, it is going to reduce the carbonate used for all skeleton. So only Ca2 plus will be there. Ca CO3 2 minus ions will be very much reduced because CO3 2 ions is used for this carbonic acid. So since then this is going to face structural issue because the structure will not get filled and this actually will die soon. So that is what this ocean acidification problem that is that will affect hard corals but in soft corals the issue is coral slumping. Coral slumping issue it is flexible as I said here it is having reef building and permanent structure and sensitive to temperature and salinity because that is going to alter your fluid pressure. But here it is threatened by bleaching and acidification. Bleaching as I said initially whenever the zuzanthine is going to get off from the coral, it is not going to support the coral with food or the color but leave the coral just like that bleached in the sense it is white in color and that will actually reduce the lifetime of the corals. The structure will remain CO3 CA3 is a skeleton. Even our body if you see our bones are made of calcium. Okay. So our bones like structures will be there. So the bones like structure will be there but there will be no life in the corals. So that is what this bleaching issue and it is prone to slumping but no slumping but face climate risk. Climate is like ocean acidification. So that is the difference between soft corals and hard corals that you need to understand. Coral slumping is majorly going to affect your soft corals but not your hard corals. Both soft corals and hard corals may live in shallow waters, tropical waters, even in temperate waters because they they're not always dependent on this calcium calcium ions or even the carbon dios. They might also depend on other small small organisms. See clo corals also feed on small small microorganisms whenever they are capable. See whenever the corals are placed below 1 th000 m below 2,000 mters those corals will not will not have sunlight as much as the corals that are in tropical or shallow regions. So those corals will depend on these small small organisms that get feed for this coral and they live upon it. So that is what all about the corals that you need to understand here. The finding is that first there was in 2024 coral stamping event was found then in 2026 again it is reoccurring and the sea surface temperature is one of the important thing that is SST C surface temperature is one of the important part of this forest lumping and this is a uniscope site. First you need to understand that JU is a uniscope bio that is MAB program under MAB program that is man and man and biosphere program. So here it is one of the biosphere reserve and it is also world heritage site. Okay. So it has such importance. So that important importance is getting reduced due to this coral slumping issue. That is all is that is what the findings of this report is there. And what are the causes of slumping as I said first important thing is the sea surface temperature. Whenever the surface temperature is going to increase your it is going to alter your fluid pressure of the chloride. So that is why sea surface temperatures is a major issue as prol stress the soft coral tissues soft coral tissues is filled with water. So it is going to change the fluid pressure. So sea surface temperature asher weather asher weather if you see the geography of that places that place if you see the corrosio current ocean current such ocean currents corrosio ocean current is warm ocean current. Okay. So such ocean current is going to again increase the sea surface temperature and also other salinity shifts because major waters major rivers like China's Yangster river is is actually near the China's Yangster rivers that when it is going to drain it is actually near the Ju island. So that is going to change the salinity of the place. Whenever salinity changes it is going to change the uh fluid pressure of the soft coral and cumulative damages repeated events erode natural recovery capacity. So cumulative damage in the sense multiple multiple things occurring at the same time and it is and it is uh amplified by this climate change. So these are all different issues. These are different reasons. The first season is rising in few sea surface temperature, harsh weather, salenity issues and lenino leno is also due to it is going to rise your temperature rise your sea surface temperature. So that is also an issue which actually amplifying this coral slumping. So where is this Juju island? So Jigu island if you see it is present here all the Juju island if you see this is South Korea, this is China, North Korea, Japan is in this place. So here you are Jigu Island. It is an volcanic island. So it is south of Korean peninsula in the east China Sea volcanic origin and it is also an UNUSCO biosphere reserve that is under MAB program. Okay. In India we have 18 such biosphere reserves under Indian MAB for just your inference and in world if you see Ju island is also one of the UNISO biosphere reserve. It is near the mouth of China's angst river. What is mouth? Mouth in the sense the river whenever the river draining the sea that place we call as mouth. So the Y angster river is going to bring lot of fresh water river to the sea surface. So it is going to change the salinity because whenever the fresh water is going to get get drained into the sea is going to change the salinity. When salinity changes the fluid pressure is going to change fluid pressure inside the soft coral is going to change. So that is also important reason and freshwater discharge alters local sanity as I said and warm crochio current is nothing but a warm ocean current. So warm ocean current is actually flowing like this. Okay warm ocean current when it is flowing like this is going to raise the temperature of sea surface that is also indirectly the reason for this coral slumping. That is what this Ju island is all the geography of Ju island and that geography is going how the geography is influencing this coral snapping is what been understood here. So what are the impact? This is all intuitive which you can just go through it simply. It has ecological impact as well as the soioeconomic impact. Ecological it is marin biodiversity foot change and it is also affecting your blue carbon capacity because blue carbon capacity is the capacity to hold the CO2. So such capacity is also decreased. So that is all the ecological impacts. Social economic because livelihood there are many communities which are dependent on these corals. Okay. So such communities are getting affected. They are and also there is tourism revenue which is going to fall and threaten threat to the UNUSCO heritage status. It has given UNUSCO's world heritage status. So such is a threat given by this coral slumping to these place to these uh to these status and also the strain on local seafood supply because many many communities many communities South Korean native communities are dependent on this coral reefs. So such they will be affected widely. So that all the social, economic and ecological impacts are very much intuitive which you need to have the standard points for it and way forward if you see climate action needs to be enhanced. Marine protected areas expand the enforced no take zones around the soft re that is the fishing those things will be regulated and also the protected areas should be strictly monitored and citizen signs that is it should more citizen awareness community participation should be there crossber cooperation should be there because river flow from the China is also the reason for this um coral slumping so there should be crossborder cooperation between different countries research funding scale up the reef labs such as jijut tropica for early warning. So these research finding what are the reasons main reasons should be the main root cause should be identified through research. What can steps be taken for that root cause should be also identified. So that should be also done. So this way forward impacts these all very much common for all the issues. So you need to have this common plat common template for these all the issues. What you need to understand is where is Ju Island? What is coral slumping? Why coral slumping that's all. So we'll have mains practice question related to it. Examine the ecological and socioeconomic impacts of coral slumping and suggest a comprehensive framework for conserving India's coral reefs. So you need to examine the effects given by coral slumping. First before that you define coral slumping and then also you should relate it with how we can how we can actually conserve our Indian coral from such problems like coral slumping that is happening in South Korea. So that is all about this topic. So next here we are with the prelims focus discussion. So we have three brief topics. The first topic is first road bridge that is Russia and North Korea has built a connectivity. That's first road bridge across a river called Tuman river. T U M N. Okay. So that is what is important. You need to understand where this Tuman river is all about. Tuman river is is an interesting river because it starts from China North Korea boundary. Okay. China North Korea boundary. It originates and it passes almost as a boundary between North Korea and Russia. Okay, this almost passes as a boundary between North Korea and Russia and empties in East Sea that is Japan Sea. Okay. So till it goes that is whenever the mouth as I said I was discussing the mouth of Yangster river in coral slumping the mouth in in the sense the river when it mixes with the sea that point we call as mouth. So the mouth of this Tuman river is also shared by Russia and North Korea because till it mixes with the east sea that is Japan sea this sea this river is actually acting as a boundary between both the countries. So here if you see they have built a bridge across this river to connect Russia and North Korea. Why it is significant? Because it significance as Russia Ukraine war is also taking up the moving out to the next stages. North Korea is trying to support Russia through different means. So this connectivity is actually bol it is going to bolster the relation between them. So this a 1 kilome two-lane bridge over the Tuman river and replaces a decadesl long use of friendship rail bridge. So this capacity up to 300 vehicles daily and this river is named as Yako no. So you no need to say you no need to read these things. All you need to know is the river the bridge is built between the Tuman river. Tuman river alternates at the boundaries of China and North Korea. And this river acts as a natural boundary between North Korea and Russia. And this river finally mixes or it is going to reach the sea which is Japan sea or called as east sea. Okay, that is all about this topic. The next topic is UN climate week. So the fourth UN climate week opens in Baku Hajaran ahead of COP 31. COP 31 is for United Nations framework for climate change. Okay. And UNFC FCC in UNFC FCC we have we have reached conference of parties 31 that is for every year different all the nations who are part who are actually the member of UNFCC is going to participate and deliberate on the climate action. So in that context COP 31 is going to take place in Turkey. Okay, it's going to take place in Turkey and COP 29 actually took place in Azarbaijan. Okay. And COP 30 that took place in Brazil. Okay, that is all you need to understand here. What this climate week is that so the government's financial institution are going to participate in this climate week. They're going to deliberate on climate action, finance adaptation and transparency and high level dialogue for this climate action. So they're going to set the principle they set the tone for COP 31 what they going to deliberate what all the things that are going they going to accept what are the things they are not going to accept that negotiation kind of thing. So all this will be taking place in this uh climate week. So there will be dialogue which is involving presidencies of both of presidency of COP 29 COP 30 as well as the COP 31 which is Turkey. And what is a significance? It is going to deliberate into it is going to deliberate the feed means what are the things that will be the final script the because every coop they will accept finally they'll accept four or five things which will be common for all because in cop 39 they accepted that uh the government's respective uh developed countries are going to pledge so and so money in cop 30 if you see the carbon harvest coalition tropical forest facility so these things were all were all negotiated and accept by the countries. In such context, there will be deliberations in in for this COP 31 as well which is going to take place between September 6th and 11, 2026. That is all about this topic. Let's move to the next topic which international day of charity. So, UNGA that is United Nations General Assembly it is one of the six principal organization of UN. There are six principal organization of UN. So, United Nation General Assembly is one of it. This is this has designated 5th September as mother Teresa's death which is mother's death anniversary as day of charity that is mother's death anniversary mother death anniversary is recognized as day of charity so they have said that the role of charity should not only uh should not only be present today means you're not only giving money to help the people today you have to think sustainably you have to remove anger that is SG2 you have to support women that is SDG5. So these sustainable development goals should be supported by the charity and people should come forward and the modern evolution of modern evolution should be incorporated with the charity is all the thing that this UNG is stressing on it. So digital tools youth leaders and climate focus in initiatives are all should be present are all should be part of the charity. So that is all about this day of charity the 5th September UNGA and mother Teresa death anniversary. So these are three facts which you need to understand whenever it comes to international day of charity. So let's have a practice question related to our discussion. Now with reference to the international day of charity consider the following statements. The first statement is it is observed annually on 5th September. That is correct on the death anniversary not birth anniversary death anniversary of mother Teresa. So we all know Mother Teresa has dedicated her life for charity. She has done lot of things for poor people, vulnerable people. So to uh honor her on our death anniversary, we have actually we are going to observe this 5th September as a trans charity day and the United Nation General Assembly UNGA designated the day in recognition of the contribution of Mother Teresa. That is exactly correct. Mother Teresa's contribution is what the charity the interest day of charity is all about. So statement one and two are correct. The day primarily focuses on promoting government funded welfare programs rather than voluntary and philanthropic activities. No, it is it is encouraging philanthropy activities also not only for today but for tomorrow that is sustainably. So it is encouraging voluntary as well as the philanthropic activities of non-government organization especially. So this statement is incorrect because it has said only the government welfare schemes. So answer should be one and two that those two statements should be correct. Let's check. Yes, the answer is one and two. The first two statements are correct. The third statement is incorrect because it is not only the government welfare but also other NGOs should take part in it. Thank you for your time. Thank you for following us. Please like, comment, share and subscribe our YouTube channel and also have the bell icon press for better current affairs serve to you. See you again in the next interesting current affair analysis session. [music]