Daily Current Affairs Analysis | 09th September, 2026 | Shankar IAS Academy | UPSC | Mains 2026

[music] Hi hello welcome to Shankar Academyy's daily current affair analysis for the date 9th of September. If you are liking our current affair analysis daily please like comment share and subscribe our YouTube channel and also have the bell icon press for instant notification and better current affair analysis served to you. So what are the topics for discussion today? So the first topic is cell broadcast system. So what is cell broadcast system? So cell broadcast system is actually a system developed by C dot or administered by C dot. C dot is C dot is center for development of center for development of telematics. Okay. Comes under ministry of communication. So what is C dot is actually doing in CBS? So CBS is an emergency response system. So whenever there is an emergency whenever there's an exency like lightning, earthquake, cyclone. So this system is actually going to alert the people through the telecom providers like air goes. So whenever the alert message is given by certain uh departments like materology department, cmology department, they are going to send the alert system to the CBS. CBS is maintained by C dot and this CBS after seeing the alert system they are going to see whether it is genuine or not and once it is genuine they're going to pass it to the telecom operators and they are going to send it to the customers throughout the coverage. It is beyond it is not going to take away the personal information and only serve to certain people but it is going to cover the geography or cover the district entirely and uh it is going to have it is going to support this early warning system of India. So that is about CBS. We are going to have a brief discussion on that and also the next is FATF. FATF is financial action task force. So what they have actually reported on this digital aala. So we'll see what is traditional aala, how traditional aala functions and what is digital aala, how it is actually bolstering the traditional aala and how it is a concern for terror financing. Okay. So we'll see how it is a concern for terror financing and what can be the steps taken to mitigate it. So that will be the discussion in the second topic and our next topic will be on carbon credit trading scheme that is CCTS. So carbon credit trading scheme. So this scheme is actually uh brought by India in 2023 under energy conservation act. So under energy conservation act we brought this scheme into picture which is a carbon market scheme for India and recently United Kingdoms have actually recognized the scheme in India. So we'll see what are the benefits by after by this recognition we'll we'll also see what what can be it have an implication on CBAM that is carbon border adjustment mechanism which was introduced by EU and UK it is believed to be come into operation from 2027 so we will see how this recognition is going to impact our CBIM what are the industries which is going to directly get benefited through And also we'll have a practice question related to that topic. And our next topic will be related to commercial price hike of LPG. So it is more or less a mains related discussion. So we will see what why is the reason for the frequent and commercial LPG hike. Why the domestic LPG LPG consumers are left without disturbing. Why are the what are the OMC's? What are the difficulties faced by this OMC's in present west crisis and why there is how there is a balance? Why and also how this balance between this commercial LPG Ike and also keeping the domestic prices of this cylinder same getting not disturbed. So that kind of discussion will be present over there. So there will be two arguments and also we'll have a balanced mains practice question related to that topic and finally we will end discussion with films focus. We will have three brief topics. One is related to this oil project in Russia. Then there is a volcano in Indonesia and also lieutenant governor newly appointed for andamaran nikovar islands. So that will be the discussion in films focus. Let's move ahead. So let's discuss the first topic for the day which is cell broadcast system. So why this is in news? Because there are many emergency situation which are occurring now and then in India and also in other countries but this is specific to India. The self broadcast system is actually an emergency alert system. So how this works? what are its functions and uh what are the things that are present within the system and who is responsible for this uh cell broadcasting system will be discussed in this article and we'll also have a question practice question related to this topic. So moving ahead. So what is cell broadcast system? So cell broadcast system is an emergency communication technology means so what happens is let's say there is an earthquake or let's say there's a flood. So whenever there is an emergency kind of situation this cell uh this cell broadcast system what it does is it is going to send you the message it is going to alert you saying that it is going to alert the citizens or the people around in that area saying that there is an risk of staying here so you have to move to certain places. So it is an early warning system kind of mechanism. So it's early warning for m early warning system to mitigate the damages. So any of the any of the if there is an emergency there's going to be some damages but if there is some early warning or if there is some alert system present in the specific location then the uh damages can be minimized. So this silver broadcast system is an emergency communication technology allowing authorities to send disaster alerts simultaneous to thousands or millions of people within the geographic area. It can be within the district or for the whole country itself. That is the objective of that is the function of cell broadcast systems. How it works? You say in step one what happens? There is act there is alert. Alert may be given by uh center of seismology when there is earthquake or metological department when there is some cyclone kind of effect. So any department is every department is linked here and they're going to they're going to initiate this alert system. So this allow system then comes to the cell broadcasting entity that is CVE. So this cell broadcasting entity is managed by C dot. So C dot is an uh R&D organization. It's a government R&D organization that is center for development of telematics that is center for development of telecommunication under the ministry of communication. So it is under the ministry of communication which is an R&D department which is an R&D uh organization which is going to support this communication infrastructure. Basically C do is the one which supports the BSNL also for BSNL 4G or 5G. C dot is the one which is going to give that architecture. So they play critical role in telecommunication in India. So this CB that is cell broadcasting entity is managed by C dot who is going to gather that information from these departments who going to give the alert systems alerts and they are going to verify whether the alerts are okay whether the alerts are genuine once they verified it they send it to the telephone broadcasters that is telerocasters like Airtel Jio whoever it is they're going to send it to all and from there it is going to come to our mobile phones or smartphones so it is irrespective of the people irrespective of the company who's handling this broadcasting center. It is going to send it to everyone. So specifically it is not going to set send to certain mobile number nothing like that. It's going to send to everyone who was present in that coverage. So they're not going to collect your phone number. Phone number is all not collected. So the privacy is all maintained. So nothing is like only for certain phone numbers or certain models of phone that you get alert. But it is for everybody. So these are the four steps broadly that has been followed in this communication system and how does the CB CBS work as I discussed. So first there's s data then it goes to the detecting system and finally the CBS platform which is maintained by C dot and it goes to telecom network like zio waterphone whatever it is then it comes to the nearby mobile phones that how it works and what can what are the disaster that can be detected if you see the message is first alerted by departments like meloical departments for cyclones or heavy rain or for seismology center for seismology for earthquakes. So there are different other departments who are going to alert the u specific disaster that is present in a certain geographical area and data reaches the CBS system and CS cox the one who is going to operate this CBS platform and it is a completely indigenous system and area identified it can be within a country within a state or even the district. So that is how CBS works and alert is broadcasted to through the telecom operators like Aeljo whoever it is and if you see the users receive the alert it appears prominently on smartphones and even even on kead phones and it doesn't collect any uh specific privacy information like your phone number. So these are all not collected. So that is how the CBS works and we can say what what what CBS is more special because whenever there is an alert system whenever there's an emergency response that you need to send it to people so it can be either automated alert or human control alert because why it is automated because there are certain dis which is very which can be dynamic which can happen within seconds like example uh gas leaks, earthquakes, lightning these can be happening within seconds. So automated alerts are also present in CBS network and also human control alerts for human control alerts like floods whenever there's floods happening in certain area it is going to carry on to the next part of area so they can be alert human controlled alerts so for floods for cyclones these kind of thing there can be human control also so both are present within this system that is why it is making it is made it is being considered special and it is also fully indigenous major advantages as I said rapid alerts within quick location specific, it can be within the uh within some geography of the district itself. So that can be location specific automated response is present and also wide coverage. So even you can al you can based on the need you can actually customize the coverage and disaster preparedness is increased because early warning system is more strengthened. So even you detect this uh disaster that is an if you detect semismologically you can detect earthquakes there are certain things which can where using which you can detect tsunami. So even though those early warning systems are present you you should also um alert the people. So that is also part of early warning. So that is that is why this department uh disaster preparedness is improved by this CBS system. limitations if you see network dependence it is dependent on the telephone telecom operators like ATLG or other private players. So network dependence is still present because you have to root it via them and limited user attention the even though the alerts are sent people might ignore because they might not be alert every people everyone will not be say on the same page of alert. limited user attention is still present and technical complexity because automated response, human control response these are all have some technical integrities in it. So there is technical complexity as well and false alerts is is a important uh uh problem because if say let's say you are going to say tomorrow just in 10 seconds you're going to have an earthquake. So people will panic they'll move here and there and it creates chaos in that specific location. So this false alerts is the important thing which is actually limiting its usage and human intervention whenever if you say there's human interventions like for cyclone or heavy rain you need human intervention now and then to send that alert. So some disasters still depend on authorities. So potentially causing delays because people the human uh the person who is handling it will not be very much time specific. He might have some he or she might have some other problem. So human interference is still present in the system and uh that is also considered as a limitation. So having said this why the CBS was actually used because the CBS is actually managed by C dot right C dot what I said it is a center for development of telematics which is governmentowned R&D organization. So recently a German company called UTMO has challenged saying that why the CBS system has been given to C dot why not to private players. Government has argued that it is strategically important for India. So it is should be maintained only by the government organization. Then Delhi IO actually acknowledged the government's argument and saying that yes it is strategically important and CB should be under C dot. So that's why it came under it's under our uh discussion and it is also in the news today. So that is all about this topic. We'll have a question related to this with reference to India's cell broadcasting system. Consider the following statements. It can decimate emergency alerts to a large number of mobile users within a specific geographical area. That is actually two large number of mobile phones users still possible. Even the small number of mobile phone uses still possible. So first statement is correct. It requires authorities to have the individual's mobile numbers for all recipients. No, they are not going to collect your mobile numbers. They're not going to collect your information. they're going to just transmit the data for all the people within that coverage. So this statement two is incorrect. Statement three, the CBS is implemented by center of development of telematics which is C dot under Ministry of Communication as I said. So third statement is correct. So one and three are correct. So option should be C. Let's say yes the option is C. That's all about this topic. Now let's move on and see the next topic which is financial action task force report on digital aala. So here if you see digital aala is a new term which is being coined by this financial action task force. It is nothing but a traditional aala which is being digitally uh integrated so that this traditional system is still being present and also bolstered by this digital mechanisms. So we'll see what is this report about why it is highlighting this digital aala that is how it is linked to this terror financing and what are the concerns raised by FATF. So why it is in news? FDF report you no need to remember the report name but just for understanding it is investigating professional money laundering underground banking and the use of Aala and other similar services providers that is it's a big name for the report you don't need to remember the report name is this just to for your understanding it is highlighting the growing integration of virtual assets virtual assets like stable coins cryptos So these kind of assets are are actually getting traditionally integrated or integrated with traditional aala system. So we'll understand what is traditional aala system so that you you'll have better understanding how this digital aala is being functioned. Nearly 70%age of the survey jurisdictions reported such technological integrations. So that is critical because 70%age is too much and this is going to actually impact the terror. It is going to actually impact the terror financing. How it is uh enabling this underground networks like illegal networks like illegal networks like terror networks and also drug networks functioning cross border. So we'll understand what is halala first. So aala so you would have seen in India that in many places businessmans usually transfer they actually transfer money to certain people kind of a middleman who then send it to the another guy. So let's say for example you are in Chennai and you are actually buying something from let's say Gujarat. So the seller is in Gujarat and you are in Chennai. Okay. So when you buy the goods from Gujarat to sell it in Chennai, you need to pay this person in Gujarat. Okay. So you need to either transfer it through bank or you you need to either transfer it to some uh legal system. But what you do is because you you actually buy a lot by means your amount that is you buy around let's say around 2 crores let's say you buy lot of things you buy for a lot of amount you actually want to evade the tax you don't want to show that amount in the tax you don't want to show the transaction to the government so what you do is you don't transfer this 2 cror to this person in Gujarat instead you you give some money that let's say 2 cr and 50,000 rupees let's say the 50,000 in extra so you give this money to the person in Chennai a middleman in Chennai and that person is actually and responsible to send the money to Gujarat or he as a person in Gujarat. So that middleman as a person in Gujarat who then pays it to the respected seller. So this middleman in both in Chennai and in Gujarat are actually the traditional a part of the traditional aala system. So what you do is you pay 2 cr and 50,000 and this 2 cr 50,000 is is actually the person the middleman in Chennai gets it he doesn't pay to the gujarat seller what he does instead of him there is other other person who sits in Gujarat he's also a middleman there and he pays to the seller because after he gets this money in Chennai he pays he settles in Gujarat so the transaction is actually not coming under any books so it is actually completely underground and it is not it is completely informal So that is informal money transfer system where money is transferred through network of brokers. So network of brokers as I said one sitting in Chennai this is the money from you and instead of him paying to the Gujarat seller what he does is there is another person in Gujarat who's going to send the 2 cr to me 2 cr to this Gujarat seller and the remaining 50,000 is what their profit the network the brokers get the profit that is an that they actually fix the percentage so that is depends on the aas who actually operate. So this network of brokers based on trust and settlement between intermediates often without conventional banking channels. So you understood right? So this is how this aala is going to function. This is how the awala is functioning even today in India in other parts of world too. Now this is traditional aala. What if it becomes digital aala means you are going to send this cash 2 cr 50,000 to the person in Chennai a middleman in Chennai but instead of that you have a separate network separate digital network specifically for aala transaction and in the digital network you transfer this 2 cr and 50,000 to that person and from the person who sitting in Gujarat the aala person sitting in Gujarat is going to pay to the seller that is Gujarat seller so this is actually happening in traditional it is actually happening in digital way But the concept is still traditional. So this underground network that is underground digital network underground digital aala is a concern because here it is used for business. In India it you can argue that it is used for business. Still it is illegal but is used for business but in if it is cross border it can be used for terror financing and drug drug trafficking. So these kind of problems are actually identified by FATF. So it can be legitimate in some context but its anomality and informal nature can also be exploited for money laundering and terror financing. So that is where the concern. So it though it is used for legitimate in some context like for business or even for other emergencies but this is actually an illegal system which is informal and underground. So we understood what is avalanche. We will understand what is FATF2. So FATF is a global watchdog for moneyaundering, tariff financing and proliferation financing. is whenever there is an terror financing or even moneyaundering activities that is happening. So FAF is going to actually monitor it and and it is going to put them in it is going to grade them in list like gray list, blacklist. So different list which are maintained by FADF whenever they put those specific countries in the specific bucket of list the the specific countries will not be able to get money from the institutions like IMF, World Bank. So there are many legal constraints for them in the world market. So that is the importance of FATF which is going to monitor this terror financing. It is established in 1989 by G7 countries. G7 you need to know what are those? Canada, UK, US, German, France, Japan 1 2 3 4 5 6 and Italy. Okay. So these are seven countries who are G7 called as G7 and the headquarters is in Paris that is in France. So the global standards they said 40 FATF recommendation for anti-money laundering and actual as well as against finance that is financial terrorism that is finance for terrorism. So against money laundering and also against financial activities for terrorism. So they monitor evaluate countries complications through mutual evaluation. There is mutual evaluation and they also put them in gray list and blacklist. Let's say in blacklist today Iran is in blacklist, Myanmar is in blacklist. So these countries will actually face huge problems in actually getting money or getting support from international institutions like IMF or World Bank. So that is the importance of FDF and grrey list as I said blacklist which is high-risk jurisdictions requiring enhanced diligence and counter measures. So blacklist is very critical. The countries are very critical and also morally exploited through this money laundering and they actually uh in this report they say that their new financial crime methods including digital aala virtual assets and cryptocurrency based illicit finances is actually making the things complex making the moneyaundering tracking of moneyaundering is becoming complex because of these measures. So we saw what is aala we saw what is effective and we see what is digital a digital digital aala is digitalizing the word traditional aala that's it. So digital aas refers to use of digital technology and virtual assets. So I said the cash was been transferred from the Chennai person to the Chennai aala person mean I am the buyer in Chennai who is going to give the awala money to the person in middleman in the chennai and he's going to he's going to intimate the person in Gujarat and the gujarat aala person that is broker is going to pay to the gujarat seller. So but here everything is happening digitally. So virtual assets like stable coins, cryptocurrencies are used for the transaction not cash. So that is becoming very tough to actually trace back. It does not necessarily replace traditional aala. Instead technology makes system faster, difficult and to trace that is and operating across cross border. So the concept is still same. The concept is still the traditional aala system but it is happening in digital mode and and it is also again cross border which is creating lot of issues. So six forms of digital aala was identified by fdf in this report. The first form is digital coordination. So encrypted apps and digital ledgers coordinate this digital ledgers means whatever the transaction that is happening they note it down in traditional what they noted down physically in papers and notebooks. But in digital whenever there's encrypted apps and digital ledgers being been followed so it becomes more robust. So there digital coordination digital customer interface has been present because there are mobile wallets and fintech apps to facilitate such transactions and virtual assert settlement as I said stable coins cryptocurrencies and other coins have been used for the settlement not the cash and formal digital infrastructure. So this traditional system is being built in a digital mode. So digital infrastructure mode starting from payment providers. So payment providers now and say now and then we say uh many payment providers. So they are specifically now for Avala. There are they are there are payment providers which are specifically for Avala transaction fintech platforms and virtual networks for fund transfers. So this is all creating a a huge issue because whenever it goes digital whenever it goes encrypted encrypted means only the person who is going to receive the message as the key to open the message. So whenever there's encryption whenever there is this digital infrastructure these are all becoming very difficult to trace it back and also to cut it down. AI based tools are actually also used for crypto conversion and other things and aala apps are being developed. So these are six forms of which digital digital aala is being proliferated as identified by fatf. So okay now why it is a concern. Now we understood what is aala what is digital aala how it is functioning but why it is a concern because now it is becoming faster. Earlier the digital aala used to take time sorry the traditional aala used to take time but now everything is happening digitally so it is faster and more opaque because multiple digital layers can be present there is this digital infrastructure is becoming robust so it is becoming more opaque to the outsiders or even the regulators. So it is becoming more opaque and more complex because when you integrate virtual assets so such things are becoming more complex. So we we don't know who's who's transferring money to whom. So such things are becoming more complex and also more resilient and transnational. So transnational is where the important aspect highlighted by Fier because when becoming transnational is more prone to terror financing and also this drug trafficking. So such technologies or such things are becoming becoming more widely seen and as seen in Turkey case. FATF has highlighted this Turkey case. In Turkey case what happens there is there are there were jewelers and phone mobile phone shops which are which were acting as these aala brokers. So these were all actually are genuine traditional or sorry genuine operators or let's say genuine businessman present in the society present now and then and they are actually involved in such kind of activities and FATF actually sees cash aala records and digital transfer receipts from them. This demonstrate that how legitimate business these business are legitimate. Today you see more jelling companies more mobile shop operators in present in our nearby location itself. When these people are actually more operating in such intent on or actually in the network of digital aala it is going to create problem for the regulators because they don't know who is going to use for what concern itself. So this misuse is actually a major problem for terrorist financing and also other illegal activities cited by FATF. So that's all you need to understand. You need to understand what is FATF, what is AALA, how it is functioning, what is digital AVA, why it is a concern and also a case study that we saw from this Turkey. So there's a question related to FATF. So with reference to FATF consider the following statements. FATF was established 1989 correct by G7 countries. headquarter that is HQ is in Paris as a super super national authority body to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. It is not super nation. Super nations is like something like UN body which is actually super national. So it is actually regulating all the nations and beyond beyond intergovernmental operations but FAF is intergovernmental that is understanding between different governments that is understanding between different states. So it is intergovernmental so it is not super national authority. So it is incorrect. Countries placed under increased monitoring are commonly referred to as being on the FATF gray list. is increased monitoring are actually depend or actually classified as grrey list and also there's black list who are actually having more severe uh restrictions for their international engagements. So second statement is correct. FATF directly directly imposes criminal penalties on countries that fail to comply with its recommendation. So it is not it cannot directly impose because it is not super national authority. It is just a intergovernmental organization. So it can only recommend certain things and it is up to the country to follow it. So it is not it cannot actually directly impose any criminal penalties. So statement three is also incorrect. So only statement two is correct. So answer should be only one as they have asked how many statements are correct. So let's check yes the answer is one only. So moving ahead the next topic is India's carbon credit trading scheme is actually acknowledged by UK. So we will see what this scheme is. what is India's CCTS and also how this CBM or UK's CVM is getting recognizing this CCTS and what are the benefits for India by recognition by uh UK and also we will see a practice question related to this CCTS so first of all you should understand that UK has recognized India's CCTS CCTS is carbon credit trading scheme so UK is not under U EU now So just for the reference we are going to have this uh discussion in this article. So UK is not under EU. Now UK has recognized India's CCTS which is actually a qualifying overseas carbon pricing scheme. So this recognition applies under the UK's carbon border adjustment mechanism. So we we have discussed many things about this CBIM. So CBIM is also something related to this carbon taxing. So where EU that is European Union and UK is going to implement the CBIM from 2027 January. Okay. So we'll also see what is the CBIM. So by recognizing the CCTS by UK, what are the benefits for India and also what can be the U international compliance using by by international compliance that is followed by India by having this CCTS. So what is CCTS? CCTS is India's framework for pricing and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. So basically there are there can be uh there are it is a carbon market basically. So this carbon market is functioning based on cap and trade principle. Cap and trade principle. What is this cap and trade principle? So whenever you are emitter let's say you have an industry and you're going to emit some carbon dioxide. Equivalence of carbon dioxide. It is calculated the equivalence of carbon dioxide. Equivalence of CO2 that is in tons. Okay. You might you might actually emit different gases CO2, CO, ozone, SO2, NO2. You might emit any gases. But it is all calculated in the equivalence of carbon dioxide. There is an there is a mechanism to have this coming under equivalence of carbon dioxide. So we don't need to go into that intricacies. We'll just stick on with equalence of carbon dioxide in tons. So whenever you are an emitter, let's say you an emitter A and emitter, there are two emitters. So you can see here there are two emitters emitter 2 and emitter one. Okay. When emitter two and for emitter one there are there are certain standards there are certain levels. Okay. This level say for emitter 2 the level set by government is that only three tons of CO2. Three equivalent tons of CO2 you should release by production. Means your company, your industry should release only three tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. That is a that is a standard or that is a cap set by the government. For E1, let's say there is similar cap set by government 3 tons. Okay, three tons of CO2. But what happens this E2 when it is when it is actually going under it operation when it is manufacturing it is emitting only two tons. Okay. So it is well within the limit and it is also having an extra 110 which it can release extra 110 equivalence of carbon dioxide but even what it does through it operation it has released 4/10 410 of CO2 so it has got 110 increased so it is going be beyond the limit so what E1 should do is it has to buy the 110 of that 1 T of equalence of carbon dioxide from E2 so it is going to trade it is going to trade is carbon emissions. So that is what is cap and trade because what is cap? The government is going to set a cap that is only 310 of equivalence of CO2 is released only 10 of equivalent of CO2 should be used to release that is based on the industries based on the industries like cement, steel whatever the industry it is based on the industries and when the cap is being breached so that those industries should actually buy the carbon equivalent from the other other emitters who are actually emitting less. That is where this mechanism, this market comes in which we call as carbon market under the principle of Paris agreement. Paris agreement as actually Kyoto agreement these are all actually alluded through to this carbon markets and India has actually framed its own carbon market called as CCTS. Okay. So you can see here this emitter 2 is actually emitting less. It it has some spare credits which it can sell. So it is selling it in the carbon market and this emitter one which has actually excess emission is going to purchase this carbon market so that there is a stability. So this mechanism is actually now recognized by UK. So what happens when UK is going to recognize? So you should also you should also first understand it come it is come it is what are the legal backing of this CCTS before we also understand this CBM. Okay. So yeah so CCTS is coming under that is it is established under the energy conservation act 2001. So energy conservation act 2001 was amended to include this CCTS in 2023. So it is legally backed by energy conservation act and the administrator of this is bureau of energy efficiency. So you need to understand which act it is coming under who is the implementer and the ministry. The ministry is ministry of power. So bureau of energy comes under ministry of power. So these three things are very much important factually you need to understand and the objective is to create a national carbon market and incentivize these venos gas emissions. As I said this emitter one, emitter two who as the spare can actually sell it whoever has excessly emitted carbon dioxide equalence they actually can buy it and one carbon credit is equivalent to one ton of CO2 equivalence. So that is that is what the standard set by CCTS and also there are two mechanisms here compliance mechanism and offset mechanism. What are these two mechanism? Compliance mechanism where there are industries which are forcefully or they have to obligatory follow the conditions. Let's say there are industries like cement, steel. So these industries are obligatory made by the government to follow SIP guidelines and also they have to comply with the standards of the or they have to comply with the equalence of CO2 that they are going to emit and these companies are forced or actually are actually made legally binding to have their shares in the carbon have their participation in the carbon markets. Let's say steel industry. There's a steel industry in Jarken who is going to emit less and there's a cement industry somewhere in Rajasthan or somewhere in Tamil Nadu. They're going to emit more. So this steel industry and cement industry they have to definitely participate in the carbon market so that they have to offset the carbon equivalence. So here compliance mechanism means simply means those industries are made obligatory to participate in the carbon markets. What is offset mechanism? offset mechanism. There are certain industries like small scale industries, agriculture industries. So these industries are given voluntary participation. They can voluntarily participate whenever they emit less. They can be voluntary given certificates through the third party accredited through the third party who are accredited by this BE that is Bureau of Energy Efficiency. So this third party who are accredited accredited by this BE they are going to check what is the CO2 equivalence emitted by these small scale industries or even the agriculture industries and if they are emitting less they can be given the credits who can trade it in the carbon markets. So it depends on then so they can be voluntarily participate in the carbon markets but here in complex mechanism the companies are actually obligatory and legally binding to participate in the carbon markets. That is a difference and if you see the oversight is done by the bureau of energy efficiency under using the national steering committee of Indian carbon markets. So these are the background the legal background of this CCTS. Now we'll go to CBAM. So UK has UK has actually recognized CCTS. Now what is CBAM? CBAM is a carbon intensive means carbon intensive imports. Okay. It is going to target the carbon intensive imports. Let's say in UK there's a company A. Okay. The company A is producing steel and it is actually only emitting one uh kg of CO2. Okay. And there is a company B in India which is emitting 3 kgs of CO2. It is producing the same steel for rupees 100 let's say but this company is producing the same steel for rupees 200 because it is carbon efficient because it is releasing only 1 kg of CO2. the price of the steel is very much high in UK that is around 200 rupees. Let's say in India the it is releasing more carbon because the process is not carbon the process is not carbon reducing it is going to intensively release carbon dioxide. So the 3 kg of carbon dioxide is getting released more than what is released in UK company. The same steel is produced for rupees 100. Okay. Now when the steel of rupees 100 is getting imported to UK, this company A which is a local company is going to get affected. Okay. So local companies getting affected and due to this the competition is becoming biased because here the standards are very high. In UK the standards for carbon emissions is very high but in India the the standards for carbon emissions is not that much high. So that the company is producing cheap steel and they are going to import export it to UK and sell it in UK which is affecting the local company in the UK. So to this offset what UK has planned what European Union has and planned that they have brought this carbon border adjustment mechanism that is whenever such industries are actually whenever the low carbon intense or actually the high carbon intensive companies who are exporting to their nations they're going to have a tax or they're going to have an import duty. So when they are going to have an import duty it is it is going to offset the uh competition that is being faced by the local industries in their European Union or the UK. So now by recognizing our CCTS now what happened now UK has recognized our CCTS. So by recognizing our CCTS UK says that no whatever the carbon scheme you have it is very much equivalent to our scheme in UK. So you don't have to pay the extra charge. you don't have to come under this CBA because your carbon emission standards are equivalent to our carbon emission standards. So such things are happening. So there is no need of this CBA. That is a huge relief for our exporters because our exporters earlier were fearing that the CBM will affect their exports. Our steel imports, our steel exports are very much worrying that this CBM will affect their own market share in UK. So by recognizing this by recognizing this actually UK has given relief to our uh exporters. So what is the recognizing why is the recognizing important as I said this lower CBM liability. The carbon prices already paid under India CCTS can qualify for carbon price relates from the carbon markets in India. after purchasing the carbon credits why he has to pay the CBM extra again. He already emitted high because he emitted high he brought the carbon market he brought the carbon credits in India under CCTS. Now why he has to pay again the CBIM for exporting it to UK. So that double payment is actually reduced by by after after UK has recognized our CCTS. So that is important thing and next is benefiting exporters. As I said there is no additional uh duty that is required to pay and also improves competitiveness and reduces the risk of Indian products becoming more expensive. So earlier Indian products were least expensive because we don't we didn't have robust carbon mechanism. So that's why these countries like UK and EU countries tried to have the CBIM on these on our country. But now we have we have our own mechanism set for our carbon markets. So our price will not be our price will not be uh very much high in the UK or EU markets. So there the competitiveness can be balanced. So it is going to improve the competitiveness. That is important aspect. And also since UK has recognized India's carbon markets, it has internationally given credibility. So our our CCDS has got international credibility. So tomorrow EU European Union can actually approve our CCDS so that our exports to other nations in EU like even Germany, even in Denmark. So to these countries our exports don't have to face this extra charge. So that is an important aspect as we got international credibility. So that is a discussion we we saw what is CCTS what is CBIM after recognizing CBIM or sorry after recognizing CCTS what UK has given what UK has done to India. So these three aspects we saw and also we saw the legal backing for the CCTS. So here's the question on CCTS. It has established under the energy conservation act. So that is right. is established under energy conservation act amended in 2023. So that is right. One carbon credit certificate represent one ton of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas emissions reduction or removal. Yeah, one credit one carbon credit under CCTS is equivalent to one ton of CO2. So that is right. So second statement is also right. And third statement, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency is the administrator of the scheme. Exactly. The Bureau of Energy is what? Is the administrator of the scheme under Ministry of Power. Okay. So all three statements are factually correct and so answer should be D because they have asked what which of the statements are correct. So answer should be D. Let's check. Yes, the answer is D. Let's move on and discuss the next interesting topic which is about LPG price. So the government has actually increased the price of commercial LPG cylinders by 10 rupees. So 10 rupees might be looking very small in amount but we need to see uh what is what was the situation before the westation crisis during the crisis and today but still the west crisis is present but we'll see what was the west what was situation before west crisis and what were the price hike the history of price hike for the past 6 months and why there is an increase even today so here we will see the OMC's that is oil marketing companies have raised the prices by rupees is 10 for cylinder that is for commercial cylinders. So commercial cylinders comes in 19 kg 19 kg block. Domestic cylinders that we use in ohms comes in 14.2 kg. You need to know the difference. Okay. So there is a volume difference. So here in 19 kg here is 14.2 kgs of gas. So this is for domestic this is for commercial in a sense for hotels and those places. So this 19 kg commercial cylinders is what where the price increase has been seen today for of rupees 10. So what was the segment that is getting hit? that is the commercial segment that is getting hit and the domestic settlement is actually not disturbed and the quantum is actually around 10% cylinder and also the price increase if you see historically so in May or sorry in March after the attack after the February 28 when the west war has been actually started in March there was increase about around 114 rupees then in again in March there was increase about 115 rupees then in April we had an huge increase of about 993 rupees that is almost 1,000 rupees in a single day. So if you see the the price of commercial cylinders, this is only for price of commercial cylinders. So there was increase from 114 to 115 then to almost 1,000 rupees per cylinder. Then again you see there was some 40 to 50 rupees of increase. Then in June and June there was it started to decrease. They have increased almost 1,00,000 plus 230 200. So almost 1,300 rupees increase has been seen last from March till April. March till June itself March, April, May, June for 4 months we had around 1,300 rupees increase that is almost 300 to 350 rupees increase per month and in June July it started to decrease [clears throat] in June July decreased about 183 per cylinder that is almost around 200 then it again decreased for 200 rupees more. Then today it has increased 10 rupees again. So 1,2,300 rupees were decrease for past four months. Then again there was sorry 1,300 increase for past 4 months. Then there was incre decrease for around 400 rupees. Now they have increased 10 rupees. So basically the the prices are getting changed now and then the commercial cylinder if you see it the price are set every first day of the month. Okay. Every first day of the month the com the price of the commercial cylinder is fixed by the oil marketing companies and other authorities but for domestic uh cylinders if you see the price is still fixed because it creates a political backlash whenever you increase the domestic cylinders because directly going to affect your household. So that is why the domestic cylinder price is actually more or less kept constant though they have increased at one instant. So this is what the headline findings about about our article if you see in our article. So this 10% 10 rupees increase and they have also mentioned that there's almost 188 under recovery that is rupees 188 of under recovery from the domestic cylinders. What is under recovery? So under recovery means it is a loss loss faced by oil marketing companies. So whenever the war was started the LPG that we buy it from UAE mostly we buy it from UAE earlier before before war I'm saying before war UAE Qatar Saudi there were they were actually the major import baskets of our LPG UAE was actually around 40%age of imports of our LPG so whenever the war has started the straight of was blocked so since then the price of LPG was drastically increasing the oil marketing companies were actually facing a loss of around 700 per cylinder in domestic in domestic cylinder. So they didn't increase the price at all. The selling price was actually fixed but the cost price was increasing too much that the oil marketing companies pay around 700 rupees per cylinder. So that was huge loss for them. They were not able to bear it. Then from 700 they it came to 500. Now from 500 it came to around 188. So that is what is under recovery about. But still the oil marketing companies are facing rupees 1808 that is around 200 rupees of shortfall from the domestic cylinder. So since they are facing this shortfall from the domestic cylinder they have to compensate it from the commercial cylinders. So that's why now and then the commercial cylinder price is getting increased. So that is where the balance is all about that you need to understand and also there's other reason that the 45 one 45%age of our imports got decreased from the last year. If you see this P in the sense petroleum, oil and lubricants. So our imports have been decreasing in a huge level that is around 45%age of increase from year on year that is from April till June. So sorry in the last four months our pro our imports have been decreasing but that is before the war and after war. So before war and after war if you see 45%age decrease. So that is also creating an impact on the price and which is forcing the oil marketing companies to increase it now and then. So there though they have decreased around 400 for past 2 months now they they have increased around 10 rupees per cylinder. And if you see the basket in India if you see the domestic cylinder usage is around 90%age. If you take 100 cylinders 90 cylinders go for domestic usage and 10 cylinders go for commercial usage. So domestic people that is domestic consumers are are actually the biggest market are actually the biggest consumers in the LPG in the LPG market in India. So that's why these domestic consumers are not getting are actually not disturbed because when they are disturbed this is going to directly affect your household inflation and lot of other political backlash that actually the government will face. So commercial LPG beers the price burden of the offset of domestic under recovery. That is what the reason to offset this 188 rupees per cylinder they're going to increase the price of commercial cylinders and under recovery has fallen sharply from 700 to 188. As I said from 700 to 188 is actually getting decreased till it get coming to zero or matching the level of zero there will be price increase in commercial cylinders and domestic segment insulated because they are not they actually directly going to affect your household. So that is the key findings seen in this report and also we need to understand what is under recovery. Under recovery as I said there is loss when selling price is below the production. So selling price is actually kept constant though there is increase in cost price. So it is it is cost inflation that is supply side inflation. You could you could argue there is supply side inflation that is demanded demand is constant but there is constraints at the supply level due to war or due to other reasons. So it is seen as supply side sale inflation. This price is this price selling price though kept constant the cost price is getting increased. That's why the oil market companies were facing losses around 700. Now they have actually decreased to around 188. So the mechanism if you see the commercial FPG is I to cross subsidize the domestic segment as I argued and also the limitation if you see by doing it because when you're doing it in this level you're going to balance it by increasing the price of commercial cylinder what happens is the commercial sales are small recovery via remain impartial because only 10%age is commercial as I said out of 100 cylinders only 10 cylinders are commercial remain 90 cylinders are domestic so we are going to increase some price in commercial it is it cannot compensate completely of this domestic IC cylinders. So there is still an imbalance that has been present and wider impact. So this wider impact is on domestic cylinders. Whenever you increase the price on domestic cylinders, there is wider impact. But the cost on this commercial cylinders doesn't have this wider impact and the weights on OMC balance sheets and fiscal subsidy pressure is actually reduced by offsetting this price recoveries. So this is just to understand in June 2026 there was 700 rupees per cylinder under recovery that is loss of per 700 rupees per cylinder for oil marketing companies then around 500 rupees in July now it is around 200. So whenever there is loss on oil marketing companies the government is trying to compensate it. It is not completely the loss of Indian bank or HPCL or whoever it is is also the loss of government who going to compensate the oil marketing company. So it is going to actually add on to the fiscal stress that is our fiscal deficit will widen. So when fiscal deficit is widening is going to create impact on our inflation and also it is going to create on our borrowings market rates. So that's how they are that's how we have to link it indirectly. So it is going to affect our fiscal stress. it is going to affect our f fiscal position and uh as I argued this 90.4 is around the domestic consumers in our India and if you see the PM PMUI that is Praan Mandriojana there is around 10.6 64 beneficiaries around 33%age in domestic in domestic segment is is covered under this PMUI. What is PMUI if you see this in PMUI they're going to give additional subsidy of 300 rupees that is there there is already 200 shortage by faced by this oil marketing companies but for PMU wise they are going to additionally subsidize 300 rupees that is that is what the scheme is about. So, so totally brings it around 500 rupees for PMUI subsidiary people. So, for 500 rupees for PMUI subsidiary people there is a discount. So, it is going to add extra strain on this OM that is oil marketing companies. So, that's why there should be increase in the commercial uh cylinders increase price should be increased because for in domestic already they're not going to touch it but within domestic there are PMUI people who are waiting benefit of extra 300. So still that is going to add on this oil marketing companies who are already facing a shortage of rupes 200 that is 188 rupees. So that's why this to maintain to offset all this under recoveries they are going to increase the price of commercial sharing this. So that is the uh argument that has been put here. You need to understand and what can be the supply situation that is import versus domestic push. If you see our imports has fallen around 45%age in last four five months and due to this lower import there is increase in prices at all levels but not in the domestic level and though the output that is OMCC actually has planned to concentrate on domestic stability. So they have actually ramped up the domestic production from 34,000 million tons to 55,000 million tons and they also planning to increase it to 63,000 million tons and it is clearly signaling that the domestic stability is the main priority because you can also have some kind of um some kind of uh relief some kind of some kind of thing that you can give it to commercial cylinders but not to the domestic people because when affecting 90%age of the population or 90%age of the beneficiaries then it is going to directly affect your nation in different uh stages. So that's why political signal clearly says that the policy signal clearly says that domestic prior domestic supply should be the prior that's why the oil marketing companies are ramping up the domestic production and we need to also understand so if here is here's what the jump is all about that is the plan that it was around 34,000 earlier now they ramped up to 50 55,000 million tons then they are planning to 63,000 Indian tons so that's that's why if you see the domestic production are keeping keeping not increase but that the commercial production is kept the same and the cost is actually automatically is going to increase. What is the impact? If you see many hotel organizations have have argued that this 10 rupees is negligible though they actually earlier faced the biggest tsunami on this price that is around 1,000 rupees if you see 1,000 rupees per day Ike is all too much per cylinder though they have faced those situations this 10 rupees ice is negligible it is going to directly hit the hotel restaurants but still they are actually not more concerned of this 10 rupees hike and festival risk is present because repeated hikes high pressure prices in the festival season. So this 10 rupees like maybe tomorrow they can increase 200 because the war is not yet come into conclusion. The state of Armos is still in chaos. So due to such risk the festival season is also arriving. So festival season actually demands lot of food products lot of things which will actually increase the price which will actually demand from commercial entities like sweets other things. So commercial entities should automatically have more demand for them for the gas. So automatically the price is also going to increase for the cylinder. So there is festival risk and also the glass and furnace units still are relied on this bottle gas that is bottled gas and this is commercial gas. So they are not connected through piped natural gas that is they're not connected through the pipe gas that PNG. So they are still dependent on this bottle gas. So the these industries also will face some pressure on them on prices and shift underway. So industrial piped gas sales grew 30%age. So what is industrial piped gas? So if you see the CNG which which is coming from LG though we are importing LG there is still which is converting into CG it is transmitted through industries transmitted to industries through pipelines. So these gases that is CG is replacing LPG in many industries. So this is actually used for the production for the process whatever the LPG which is being performing earlier though the calorific value is less for CNG still it is actually replacing LPG and also in cost wise and in volume wise. So once the LPG has come into constraint so this has actually imp uh this CGD that is city gas distribution we call it a CGD city gas distribution. City gas distribution is also for this uh households like PNG that is piped natural gas. Piped natural gas is nothing but CNG put in pipes and send it to homes for your cooking purpose. So that is piped natural gas and industrial piped gas is still the same that is same CG but for industrial purpose. They come in two different pressures. For cooking, there's different pressure that comes through the pipes. For industry, there are two that is different coming in different pressure. But the composition is same. Both are CNG. So that is that the increase in piped natural gas has actually grown 30%age year on year because there are stress on LPG. So people are transmitting to CNG and households if you see they are insulated again which is repeated. So what can be the way forward? So what we did we understand till now we understood that domestic prices are actually kept constant commercial prices are kept increasing 1,300,400 then they decreased 400 now they have increased rupees 10 again so to offset the domestic prices domestic prices if you see from 700 to 500 to 200. So today the oil marketing companies are facing 200 per cylinder loss for domestic cylinders. So to offset that they actually increase the price of commercial cylinders. So there are also other reasons for increase in commercial shift price. The first one is the there is import there's less import and also you see there is also other demand that is coming forward in festival season other demand which is going to actually risk this commercial price index or commercial cylinder price increase. So these factors are actually making commercial price cylinders too much or increasing in a significant manner which we see in future also it is going to increase and this loss this loss is faced in the domestic cylinders should be compensated by government. So government is also facing some fiscal stress to compensate it. So these old reasons is giving uh this there it is stimulating and there's no other way but to increase the commercial cylinders price commercial though is having only 10 percentage of the total market as 90%age is still the domestic users still that 10 percentage is trying to compensate the loss that that 90%age is going to actually provide it. So what can be the way forward? What can be the better way to balance it? The first way is more move towards a transparent and market linked pricing. So whenever there is some distress you need to actually market link prices should be better way though you don't communic transmit everything to the consumers the market linked can be better uh better for commercial cylinders. Today the commercial cylinders are market linked but it it should be more transparent and targeted subsidy can be done through DBT and through PUMI users and boost domestic output. So domestic output can replace the our reliance on the external outputs that we borrow it from other countries. Today we borrow from USA which is around 70%age. So before war USA was only 5%age to 7%age of our imports of LPG but today USA has actually 70%age of our LPG comes coming from USA. Okay. And UAE which was earlier 40%age has reduced to around 10 to 12%age. So that is the significance of geopolitics. If you see USA is playing a crucial role for our LPG today. So we cannot actually rely on only certain countries. We need to also have this uh basket more diversified and also we need to improve our domestic production of LPG. So that is that is a concern and also strategic reserves should be enabled. Today we have LPG strategic uh strategic reserves at two places that is Mangaluru that is in Karnataka and other one is Weisak that is in uh Andhra Pradesh. In Mangaluru is is having more storage than Weisak. Both HPCL has a critical role here because inacc total energies. Total energies is a company that is a French company. So both HPCL and total energies is maintaining the uh strategic strategic reserve advisor but in Mangaluru it is is purely HPCL is going it is actually maintaining the strategic reserves. So government has actually planned to increase more strategic reserves for LPT two more reserves. It it is planning in Rajasthan or it is also planning in certain other postal regions. So that should be expedited and also finished quickly so that we don't depend on so such that such exigencies like war or other risk can be mitigated. So data transparency is also important aspect where you can actually uh implement such measures so that the recovery figures are periodically more accountable. So these can be the way forward that is targeted subsidy can be given domestic input can be domestic input can be increased and also our reliance on certain countries should be decreased which need to diversify our markets and finally we need to improve our strategic resource which is only present in weak and Bangalore today. So that is all about the discussion. So there's a main practice question which is examining examine how cross subsidization import dependence and domestic production influence LPG pricing in India and suggest a sustainable pricing strategy. So you need to examine how these three things actually influencing the LPG price that is cross subsidization that is domestic and the commercial that argument you need to put it on import dependence and domestic production how it is all influencing our LPG prices and what can be the better way to sustainably our strategize our prices of LPG that is a question this 25 marks three pages it can be easily filled with whatever discussion we had in this video. Now let's move on to the next topic. Let's move on and discuss the prelim focus topics for the day. There are three interesting topics and the first one is anakrakatu. What is this anacu? Anakrakatu is an volcano active volcano present in Indonesia. Okay. So this Anakra Krakatu is a volcanic island in Indonesia located around thousand that that is sorry 150 kilometers from Jakata. Jakarta is actually the capital of Indonesia. This Anakraatu means child of Krakatu and this origin that is it is first emerged actually first emerged from the Calera. Calra means there was underground volcanic that is below sea volcanic mountain formation and over the ages that is since 1883 because in 1883 was the first eruption of this volcano and since that it grew be above sea and now it has formed an island itself. So it's an volcanic mountain specifically this island is totally an volcanic mountain which was since formed 1883 eruption in 1883 there was a big large explosive that is from this anacrack too and now it has slowly by for by having different explosions year on year it is now completely an island volcanic island and the major hazards are lava flows ash wall and actually pyrolastic asserts because now and then this actual volcano is getting erupted as it is volcanic uh uh active volcano and if you see in 2018 sorry in 2008 and also in 2018 there was eruptions and see if you can see the pictures this volcano itself this island itself is an volcano as Japan Japan you might know the island Japan is an island Japan island itself is a volcanic mountain in such case this anakatu is also an volcanic mountain which you need to know and come there was a recent explosion and that's why we are actually having this in news it is located if you see is located here it is in Sunda straight okay Sunda straight where is Sunda state sunda state is between two islands that is Sumatra and Java so these two islands are part of Indonesia you see this is Sumatra island this is Java So in between there sunda state and in that sunda state is where we are having this anakra. So you need to know where the location is and also it is an volcanic island. So these two things are very important from our bloom's point of view. That's all from this topic. Now let's move on and see this was oil project. Russian president Putin described this the oil project as a major milestone because it is going to get developed in the Arctic region. If you see there are seas in Arctic region uh laptop ki uh and there is barons see so there are different seas from Norway sea Denmark sea there are different seas in the Arctic region because you see the Arctic region it is still it is still not exploited for such oil resources slowly when the ice is all melting. So there is more opportunities for the countries in Arctic region like Russia to actually develop such projects across these seas that to explore these seas that is lapto kasi baron seas and other seas across in such context near kasi is where this project is actually coming ahead. So this oil project is Russia's flagship Arctic oil development led by state banked company Rosnet. So it is coming in Arctic oil de is coming in Arctic region. So Arctic region is actually still not explored. It's a virgin uh place. This is a virgin place and now the countries are starting to explode after the melting of ISIS. So location is in Timur peninsula that is in Arctic Russia. So I'll show you the map where is the timer peninsula as well and the production target is around 7 billion tons that is on of that much importance. You need to know where the location is and which sea it is near which sea and also to which port it is actually going to serve the oil which is from trans means the oil getting produced from there is going to transmitted to the specific port which is sever bay road. Sever bay road is actually the northernmost oil port of the world. So it is almost near the arctic circle itself. So it is northernmost uh oil port of the world. So you need to know that and also this pipeline is around 770 kilometer connecting fields and also it is a it is an engineering marvel. It is going to be an engineering marvel because they're going to bury around five 50 m deep pipelines to transmit this oil around 770 km. So 50 m deep 770 km long connecting to sever bay terminal that is sever bay port and under the bed of NC river NC river so NC river is part of this peninsula itself this timer peninsula itself so under this river there's going to be this pipeline being deployed so we'll see where it is if you can see this is the map of Russia right in Russia if you see this is laptops Okay. L A P T here. Lapto C this is Kas C. So in this Kas C if you see so if you say this Kas C this place this SE bay is in this place and the timer peninsula is all is all in east timer peninsula and these places. So here where the uh oilport or oil exploration is going to take place from here it is going to get transmitted or to here from here it is going to get transmitted through pipelines to sever way port. So you need to know near which seat is present. Taras Ci that is this place. For more information you can actually zoom in whenever you see the PPD. The PP is going to get attached with this video itself in in our description. So you can see where is Kari you can see where is Russia and also within this when here it is highlighted where the SE bay port is also present and also these are oil fields. So these orange things are oil fields and if you see here this place is where from this place is where it is going to get served to this terminal from there there can be refineries and it can be uh exported to other countries as well. So it isn't going to be a strategic project because it is an arctic region where where there is minimal exploration of such oil resources. So those are two topics and the third topic is latent government of literate governor of Andaman and Nikkob. So recently there is there was a person called there is a person called DH Sharma who was an Raja Sabha MP from BJP is appointed as Lieutenant Governor of Andaman and Nikopar islands. So who are these Lieutenant governors? Lieutenant governors are actually the actually the govern or related to similar to the governors of states. Lieutenant governors are going to are going to share the executive powers with the people or with the uh with the chief ministers elected ministers of that specific union territory. So they are specifically for union territories. So little governors are specifically for union territories. They are actually having certain executive powers and they are going to share that executive powers with the elected people of that specific unit territory like for example unit territory of pureri unit territory of Delhi unit territory of Jammu Kashmir ladak and though inamand we don't have specific legislative assembly due to strategic concerns there there is the presence of this latent governor who going to share the executive power with the local with the with the people over there and though he's going to share the power he's a direct representative of the president and he can take the decision based on the based on the uh directions of the president and president is going to actually operate based on the input from the council of ministers. So latinate governor is for certain union territories not for all union territories because other union territories are going to have administrators they are also having similar role like governors but they don't share the executive power with the local uh local body or or even the local people who are going to elect getting elected there because the administrator is completely under the executive power of president. They're going to directly implement whatever the president is going to say. They're going to not share the executive power. But the lieutenant governor is having certain restrictions because they have to share the executive power with the elected people of let's say Pulcherry or even the Delhi. So that is all about you need to know the difference between the liinal governor and the administrator. So article 239 if you see every union territory is administered by the president. That is a key thing. Every union territory is admin by the president through an administrator. Okay. through an administrator appointed by immonly designated as governor. Okay. So, unit territory is directly administered by president. That should be the answer. The unit is directly administered by president through an administrator. And if you see in Delhi there are special provisions under article 239A the lian governor has a constitutionally significant role in relation to the elected government. In Delhi what happens this pole is poll is public order and land. So these three things comes under the comes under the legislative of union government. Though it is having a specific legislation for Delhi these things police public order and land comes under the uh list of union government for this union territory and for Puducheri Jammu Kashmir if you see the public order and police comes under the union government but not the land only for Delhi the land is extra added in other union territories like Puducher and Jammu and Kashmir where there are legislative assemblies only public order and police comes under the union list that is union can directly make laws not other things but In Delhi the public order, police and land land is extra component that is coming under the perview of union government. So that is that things you need to understand that those are small things where you can be tested and purer as well there is a lit governor. So if you see where are the lit governor present little governor present and Delhi Jamun Lak these three regions there are only administrator where there is no much of direct representation from the people. So they are going to directly work under or work under the direction of president. Here they are going to share the executive power with the locals share the executive power. Okay. So that is the difference between LG and administrator. So that is all about the three topics. So we'll have a question related to anakratu. So with referring to anaku consider the following statements. Anakru is located in the sunda state between Java and Sumatra. So that is what I was mentioning. Sunda state between Java and Sumatra. That is right. It is emerged from the underwater caldera formed after the 1983 eruption of Kattoa. Yes, in 1983 there was eruption under the sea and which formed an volcanic mountain. Then later it got expanded after several explosions and finally it came above sea and formed an island itself. So now it has become the volcanic island. So it is since the 1883 there was such eruptions gave rise to this volcanic mountain. Calra is nothing but the initial formation the initial formation of the mount volcanic mountain calera. So these are initial formation of volcanic mountains. So that is an uh landform of volcanic eruptions. So that is right and the 2018 collapse of anacratau triggered a tsunami in the sununda state. As I was mentioning there was frequent triggering or frequent explosion of this volcano. So in 2018 there was a collapse of anakrata triggered a tsunami. That is also right. The answer should be 1 2 and 3. Let's check. Yes, the answer is 1 2 and 3. Thank you for your time. Thank you for supporting us. Now please like, comment and share and subscribe our YouTube channels and have the bell icon pressed. See you again in next interesting discussion. >> [music]