Daily Current Affairs Analysis | 06th September, 2026 | Shankar IAS Academy | UPSC | Mains 2026

[music] >> Hello everyone. Welcome to the daily current affairs analysis brought to you by Shankar IAS Academy. 6th of September, 2026. Before getting into the discussion, please make sure that you subscribe to our YouTube channel. If you haven't, please do subscribe and also hit the bell icon to receive on-time updates from the academy. And uh coming to the topics, before that we have an important announcement. It is regarding the pre-storming UPSC prelims test series. The batch one at the Shankar IAS Academy will be starting on 7th of September. And uh this batch, like we said before, this batch is exclusively for the Anna Nagar center. So, those who are planning to take this batch, they can write the offline test only at the Anna Nagar center. Those who are planning to take online mode, they can write the test 2 days after the offline test at the Anna Nagar center. And uh if you enroll for this program, you will be receiving last 10 years uh prelims compilation questions compilation. And uh this batch includes 48 tests including both GS and CSAT. And uh so do uh register and crack the prelims in 2027. And coming to the topic for today's discussion, the first topic is advanced imaging satellite Earth observation satellite 05. So, we have successfully launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, we have successfully launched the EOS uh 05 satellite. And this is the heaviest satellite launched by the GSLV. And the next article is about the Bar Council of India. So, we'll be discussing the Bar Council because recently the Supreme Court said that the Bar Council of India has no authority to discipline the uh law students. And the next article is about Kajal Heddi Turtle Reserve. So, the It is a community reserve in the in the state of Haryana, but currently it is facing environmental degradation. And that is affecting the life of turtle. And the fourth article is about the Raksha Defense Diplomacy framework. So, now the Ministry of Defense along with the Ministry of External Affairs, they have launched a Raksha Sorry, Raksha framework. So, this is the framework. It's a long-term defense diplomacy framework covering 10 years starting from 2026 to 2036. So, we'll be discussing what are the key features, you know, what is defense diplomacy, and you know, how it is different from the traditional you know, military diplomacy of India, and what are the key pillars and all. And finally, we'll be discussing the prelims focus for the day. So, if all that, let's discuss let's begin the discussion with the first article. Coming to the first article, ISRO launches advanced imaging satellite EOS-05. Article is taken from The Hindu. So, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, India ISRO has successfully launched the the Earth Observation Satellite 05. So, in this background, let us understand more about this article. So, we can see that the launch of the Earth Observation Satellite 05 was done from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, and we used the vehicle GSLV-F17 to launch the payload. And this is the 19th flight of the GSLV, and also this is the 107th launch from the Sriharikota Space Centre. And talking about the payload, so the total weight of the payload is around 2,367 kg, and this is the heaviest satellite flown by the GSLV. And currently, it we placed the satellite in the in the sub geo transfer orbit, and from there we will be moving we will be raising that to the geosynchronous orbit, which is located at the the altitude of 36,000 km. And you're about the lifespan of the Earth observation satellites, we can see that the estimated lifespan is around nine nine years and it is equipped with a multi-band operating capabilities. And uh talking about uh the the key facts, we can see that the uh the satellite will be placed in the geosynchronous position and uh the at the altitude of 36,000 km and the total weight of the satellite is around 2 uh 2,367 kg and the operational lifespan is estimated to be around nine years and the height of the GSLV is 51.7 m. And why this is important? Because this is the first Indian imaging satellite to be placed in the geosynchronous orbit and second it ends ISRO's 8-month launch drought in the uh in the first quarter of 2026. So, we can see that last year in the May month, you know, the the PSLV C61 was a failure and the January 2026 the PSLV C62 was a failure and in between the private companies done some launch, but ISRO was remaining silent, but now we have you know, we have launched a mission successfully. So, the gap of eight months is you know, successfully uh we have you know, addressed it. And uh it restores confidence after the loss of uh EOS uh 03 in GSLV F1 in uh you know, August 2021. So, due to some technical issue the the mission in 2021 was not successful, but now we have launched the Earth observation satellite 05 using the GSLV and it replaces this satellite is going to replace you know, the previous one, that is the previous Earth observation satellite 03 to complete in India's geo-imaging capability. So, it is a step towards you know, uh strengthening the geo-imaging capability, so which is very important for disaster management, security and also for the agriculture. And uh next understanding the geosynchronous orbit. So, geosynchronous orbit it is located at a 35,000 exactly at the 35,786 km and the orbit that means if if a satellite is placed you know on this height at this height it can observe the earth throughout the day. That is it can observe the earth 24/7. And we can see that within the geostationary Sorry, within the geosynchronous we have geostationary position. For example, if the satellite is placed at you know at the equator. That is known as geostationary. So, it is a fixed spot. And the coverage so we can see that you know it it will cover the the earth. It will be observing the earth throughout the day and it can be used for communication, weather and now it can be used for imaging. And strategic edge so it will provide real-time information and there is no you know no lower earth orbit revisit wait. That means we we this satellite is sufficient for real-time information. And the challenge more launch energy and bigger optics. So, you know comparing with the launching an object to the lower you know launching launching an an object to the geosynchronous position is much energy consumption much energy consuming and also it is very costly. So, these are the major facts about the geo synchronous orbit. And here we can see the different layers of orbit. That is lower earth orbit, middle earth orbit and also the geo synchronous orbit. And if the object is placed at the at the equator it is geostationary. And the GSLV India's cryogenic workhorse. So, we can see that the GSLV it is used for carrying the heavy payloads into the space, right? So, it is a three-staged vehicle and also it it has a height of approximately 51.7 m and the lift-off mass when it starts, you know, from the launchpad, the total weight of this vehicle will be around 420 t. And stages, so what are the three stages of fuel? Solid liquid and indigenous cryogenic stage. And the purpose, so it is used it is usually used to deliver the payload that has a weight between 2 to 2.5 t. And we can see that cryogenic engine, so it uses indigenous cryogenic, you know, fuel, so that will reduce the dependence on foreign countries. And track record, so far we have done 19 flights since 2001. And, you know, we can see that the capacity when once it was launched the the launch capacity was 1,500 kg, but now it reached approximately 2,300 kg. And milestone, we have a deployed GSAT, INSAT and NavIC using using the GSLV and now we have launched the earth observation satellite. And talking about the importance, so talking about the importance of image satellite imaging satellites, so it can be used for civilian as well as it can be used for security purposes. For example, in the civilian it can be used for agriculture for monitoring the yield, you know, crop cycle and it can be used for early disaster warning and it can be used for monitoring the forest resources and you know, and conservation of wildlife and it can be used for urban planning and it can be used for water reservoir and you know, conservation of water bodies. And coming to the strategic or security area, it can be used for surveillance of the border region. And, it can be used for uh uh maritime surveillance, that is surveillance of the Indian Indian Ocean region and other choke points. And, infrastructure, so it is very critical for, you know, surveillance. It is a critical infrastructure for surveillance. And, also it will provide real-time data and there is no need for revisiting the lower orbit for, you know, for confirmation of that data. So, it will provide real-time data and that will be clear. And, the response, so it will you know, faster crisis mobilization. So, it can, you know, this uh once the information is provided in real-time, we can go for faster response in in case if there is any crisis. And, uh So, significant. So, what is the significance of the Earth Observation Satellite 05? So, we can see that first it will continuously watch uh you know, the Earth. So, 24/7, this will be observing there and it will also provide real-time information. And, second is self-reliance. We can see that uh you know, most of the components in in this uh satellite, it is uh made by India. And, also we are using indigenous cryogenic fuel. So, that is you know, reducing the dependence on other countries. And, next is disaster readiness. So, the real-time information can be used for faster response and you know, early warning. And, ISRO recovery, yes, nearly 8 months of gap was there in the launch and now we have successfully addressed it. And, a commercial push, so we can, you know, rebuild our confidence in the space sector. And, this will also uh this this will also rebuild the confidence in the investors and other countries. So, India is once again you know, we have uh you know, through the successful launch, we have highlighted that we we are still in the track and you know, the 8-month gap gap is successfully addressed. And, the next step, so we are going to write this from the stationary orbit to the geosynchronous orbit. That is the next stage in this mission. So, once it is launched, once it is transferred to the geosynchronous orbit, it will be completely operational, start the operation. So, this is the significance of this mission. And now we have the prelims practice question. The question is with reference to India's recently launched Earth Observation Satellite 05 and the GSLV program, consider the following statements. Statement one, it is India's first Earth Observation Satellite placed in geostationary orbit. Statement two, it was launched by the GSLV F17 which uses an indigenously developed cryogenic upper stage. Yes. And statement three, a geosynchronous orbit lies at an altitude of about 36,000 km and by definition always has 0° inclination. So, which of the statements given above is or are correct? Option A, one and two only. Option B, two only. And option C, one, two and three only. And option D, one, two and three. See, India's first Earth Observation Satellite placed in geostationary, no. It is geosynchronous. So, the statement one is incorrect. And the statement two, it is launched by GSLV F17 which uses indigenously developed cryogenic upper stage. Yes, that is correct. And statement three, the geosynchronous orbit lies at an altitude of about 36,000 km that can be okay. And by definition always has 0° inclination, no. So, the geosynchronous orbit, it has, you know, if it is placed at equator, that is called geostationary, right? So, it is always in the 0°. Here the statement is going incorrect. So, the statement three and one are incorrect. So, the correct answer will be option B, two only. So, let's check. Yes, with this we will move to the next article. Coming to the second article, Bar Council has no power to punish students, Supreme Court. Article is taken from the Hindu. So, on Thursday, the Supreme Court of India that declared that the Bar Council of India has no authority or they have no jurisdiction to discipline the law students. So, in this background, let us understand more about this article. So, what is the issue? So, we can see that you know, the students of the NALSAR Law University, they protested you know, against against the university's decision to invite the Chief Justice of India for the program. So, recently you know, there was a controversy that the Chief Justice of India made a statement about the youth in India. So, you know, because of that, the students protested against the invitation of the Chief Justice of India. And followed by this incident, the Bar Council of India decided to discipline the students the the law students and this became an issue and now the Supreme Court of India said that the Bar Council of India has no authority to discipline or to penalize the law students. So, in this background, we will discuss more. So, uh we have already discussed the context. So, the Supreme Court held that the Bar Council of India has no authority. It is a it is just a statutory body and it has no authority to discipline or to give punishment to the law students. And talking about uh you know, the key finding. So, we can see that the Supreme Court said that the the Bar Council of India is directed by the Advocates Act of 1961 and therefore it is a statutory body and it you know, it should not intervene into the students' autonomy and the university's autonomy and also it should not have the you know, the authority to discipline the students. And talking about the Bar Council, so it is a statutory body established under the Advocates Act of 1961. And we can see that the important role of the Bar Council is it is to regulate the legal professional, setting standard of the professional conduct and equity, and regulation of legal education and standard, and the recognition of the law degree institutions for the purpose the purposes connected with the legal practice. So, these are the major you know duties or these are the major functions of the Bar Council of India. It has no authority to control the students. So, what are the functions? Regulation of the law profession. That means jurists and the the advocate. And next is setting the standards for the professional conduct and equity. That means you know bringing rules and the protocols related to the you know the conduct of the advocates and the people who are practicing the law. And next is regulation of legal education and standard. That means regulating the you know the law your studies in India. And next is recognition of the law degrees and in institutions which is associated with the legal activity. And the constitutional angle. So, the Supreme Court direction the direction from the Supreme Court emphasized upon these articles of the Indian Constitution. That is Article 19 Clause 1 Subclause A which is about the freedom of speech and expression which also includes the right to express dissent. And next is the Article 19 Clause 1 Subclause B which is about the right to assemble peacefully and without arms. So, the students followed it. You know it was a you know it was a peaceful protest. And next was the Article 19 Clause 1 Subclause C which is about the right to form association and union. And the Article 14 which is provide which is you know which will provide protection against arbitrary decisions or you know arbitrary decisions from any public or statutory authority. So, these are the articles emphasized by the Supreme Court while giving the judgement or while giving the direction. And uh principles of jurisdiction. So, the Supreme Court said that the statutory authority can exercise only those power conferred upon it by the law. That means if uh the statutory uh authority any statutory authority uh of India is directed by a statutory law. So, the power given under this law is the jurisdiction of the authority. Beyond that, the authority cannot do anything. And the judgement therefore reinforces the principle of rule of law and limited statutory power. That means, you know, the statutory authority has to work within the framework of the law. And uh next is university autonomy. So, the Supreme Court while giving the declaration, they also emphasized about the the autonomy uh that means the independence of the university and also the independence of the students. So, the students have the right to assemble and they have the right to express their dissent in case if they are dissatisfied with any statements or any other actions in the public. And uh now we have the prelims practice question. So, the question is with reference to the Bar Council of India, consider the following statements. Statement one, the Bar Council of India has disciplinary jurisdiction over all law students enrolled in the recognized law universities. See, it it is uh you know, we have discussed the nature. It is a statutory body and the power of this uh this uh Bar Council is directed from the uh from the Advocates Act of 1961. So, therefore, it uh it it has no right to discipline the students. So, the statement one is incorrect means we can eliminate the three options and we can come to the answer that is option B, two and three only. Statement two, the disciplinary powers of the BCI under the Advocates Act of 1961 primarily concern uh advocates after enrollment. Yes. So, that means uh you know, they can take actions. They can regulate the uh the conduct of the the advocates and the people who are practicing the law. So, the statement two is correct. And statement three, universities are competent authorities under the under applicable law have disciplinary jurisdiction over their students. So, that is correct. So, the statement you know, the universities are competent authority under applicable law have disciplinary jurisdiction. That means the university can take action. In case if the university you know, if the university found that the students were you know, students were not following the rules and regulations within the university. In that case, if the university found any issue, they can take action. But not the Bar Council of India. So, the statement you know, three is correct. So, the correct answer will be option B, two and three only. Yes, with this we will move to the next article. So, coming to the third article, a sanctuary turned to death trap. Turtles flee poisoned waters of Kajal head. Article is taken from The Hindu. So, what is the issue? So, in the Haryana in the state of Haryana, we have the Shri Guru Gorakhnath community reserve. This reserve was notified in 2019 and this reserve supports approximately 150 to 200 turtles. But now, this reserve is facing the problem of degradation and this is affecting the life of the turtles. So, three major turtles are you know, found in this reserve. They are the Indian softshell turtle which is classified as endangered in the IUCN red list. And the next we have the red crowned or red roofed turtle which is classified as critically endangered in the IUCN red list. And then we have the Indian peacock softshell turtle which is classified as endangered in the IUCN red list. So, so these are the three major turtles that we can see in this reserve, but the problem is currently the reserve is facing lot of environmental degradation. So, in this picture you can see the the turtles. So, this is the Indian soft shell turtle and recently the turtle was you know radio tagged for better conservation. And the next is the Indian peacock soft shell turtle and then we have the crowned red crowned turtle. So, here you can see the red color on its head. So, that is why it is known as red crowned turtle. So, we can see that these three species which is located in the which is living in the Gorakhnath community reserve, they are classified in the they are protected under the schedule one of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. Schedule one means it the you know the species are highly protected. That means hunting illegal captive treatment all these things are you know prevented or all these things are prohibited for the species which is classified in the schedule one of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. And we can see that the major threat faced by the the the turtles are you know untreated sewage. So, the untreated sewage will lead to water pollution and infection in the turtle and the chemical land and waste. So, this will affect you know the aquatic habitat. That means it will turn the aquatic habitat toxic and then lack of fencing. So, that will lead to greater you know human animal disturbance for the turtle. And next is the problem of stray dogs. So, that you know that will lead to the predation of the turtle. And next is the cattle. So, the cattle you know trampling of nest nest that means the sorry nest that means the cattle will sometimes destroy the the nest of the turtle which will affect the you know the the eggs. And next is the roads and vehicles. So, sometimes that can lead to direct mortality due to accident. And also poor management, which will lead to degradation of the breeding habitat. So, these are the major, you know, threats faced by the turtles in the Gorakhnath community reserve. And uh talking about the community reserve, what is meant by community reserve? Community reserves are a category of protected area under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. And they are particularly relevant where community or private land is involved, and the conservation is perceived with the local participation. That means community reserves are the reserves which is managed by the community. So, and it is it is categorized as a protected area under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. And we can see that the Kajal Heri, you know, it is an example of this community reserve. And uh what are the conservation measures proposed? First is the sewage. So, sewage is leading to water pollution and infection. So, divert the sewage away from the turtle pond. That is the first major recommendation. Second is constructing the fence to regulate the movement of you know, the cattle and other animals. So, that will prevent the predation of the turtle. And next is creating raised nesting mound for safe egg-laying. So, we can see that sometimes the cattle or buffalo, they will destroy you know, or people can sometimes destroy the uh the uh the nest which is built by the turtle. So, in such case, the breeding will be affected, you know, the next generation will not be born. So, to address this, you know, we are recommending uh nest nesting mounds. And next is preventing cattle and stray dogs from entering uh nesting area. For that, we need proper fencing. And next is improving monitoring and enforcement of Wildlife Protection direction. So, we can see that recently, uh we have you know, we we we launched the uh you know, we used the radio tagging technology for monitoring the turtle the Indian softshell turtle and uh it's uh you know, for the better conservation. So, we can go for such a technology-oriented or data-driven conservation for the protection of the turtle in the community reserve. So, these are the conservation measures proposed. So, now we have a prelims practice question. The question is, "Consider the following statements regarding the turtles found in the Sri Guru Gorakhnath community reserve, Haryana." Statement one, "The species found in the reserve enjoy the highest level of protection under the Wildlife under the schedule one of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972." That is correct. All the three turtles are protected under the the schedule one of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. And statement two, "A community reserve is a category of protected area under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972." Yes, that is also correct. And statement three, "The IUCN Red List and Wildlife Protection Act use the same classification system for determining determining the conservation status of the species." No. So, you know, the the the you know, the categorization itself is very different. So, the statement three is incorrect. Remaining two statements are correct. So, the correct answer will be option A, one and two only. Yes. With this, we will move to the next article. Coming to the fourth article, Raksha, India's 10-year blueprint for defense diplomacy and global strategic partnerships. Article is taken from The Hindu. So, on 3rd September, the Defense Ministry of India released the Raksha framework. The blueprint for India's defense diplomacy. So, in this background, let us understand more about Raksha. But before that, what is actually meant by defense diplomacy? Defense diplomacy means the peaceful use of military resource and the military expertise for advancing the foreign policy, economic interest, and the national security of a country. And we can see that this approach become more popular after the end of Second World War. That is during the time of Cold War. And it is a non-coercive approach. That means we are not using any violent method as a part of this military diplomacy. And also, it combines the hard power and the soft power of a country. That means we are using the military equipments, military technology, you know, exercise also exercises are also a part of the military diplomacy. But at the same time, we are also using the knowledge, expertise in the field of in the field of defense as a part of this policy. And next is it will build trust and cooperation among the countries. So the the countries will, you know, they can sign agreements for sharing the expertise. They can cooperate in the field of design, production and manufacturing of the equipments. And also it will prevent the conflict and ensures regional stability and international, you know, stability. So this is this is a short introduction about the defense diplomacy. So it is not about the violent method. It is of it is about the peaceful use of the military resource and expertise for promotion of foreign policy, economic interest and the national security of a country. And next to talking about the Raksha. So we can see that the Raksha was launched on 3rd September. And it is a 10-year strategic blueprint for India's defense diplomacy covering from 2026 to 2000 36. And this framework was prepared by the Ministry of Defense along with the the Ministry of External Affairs. And it was launched at the Kartavya Bhavan in New Delhi. And uh So the key pillars of the Raksha framework. So these are the key pillars. The first is strategic partnership. That means deepening long-term and result-oriented ties with various other countries with a special focus on Africa, Indo-Pacific and other countries in Asia. And next is military cooperation and capacity building. The this this includes joint training, exercises, military education and exchange of professionals and expertise experts for the promotion of, you know, defense diplomacy. And next is the defense industrial cooperation. That means, you know, joining or cooperating for co-design, co-development, and the corporate co-production, and also for transfer of transfer of military technology. And next next is defense export. So, we can see that in the financial year 2025-2026, India's defense export value reached nearly 38,000 plus. So, it is becoming stronger. So, you know, through this through this defense diplomacy, we can find a new markets for the Indian defense equipments and the you know, we can find open new markets for the defense technology. And next is maritime security that includes strengthening cooperation in the Indian Ocean region and Indo-Pacific region, including the surveillance and the maritime domain awareness. And this will promote regional stability and also security for everyone through collective you know, through taking the responsibility collectively. And we can see that recently in UN, we announced the Shanti framework for collective maritime governance. So, not this. And the next is humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. That means becoming the first responder in case if there is any disaster or any accidents. And through this, we can you know, build trust with the other countries not just in the area of military, but also in the area of humanitarian assistance. And next is the significance of Raksha. So, what are the major significance of Raksha? So, the first is it will strengthen the strategic partnership with other countries, especially the countries from Africa, Asia, and Indo-Pacific region. And we can see that you know, we are focusing through this Raksha framework, we are focusing on long-term and result-oriented relation. And next is defense manufacturing and export. So, we can see that you know, through cooperating with other countries in design, development, manufacturing, and production of the defense equipment. We can become eventually we can become we can attain self-sufficiency in the defense. And that will protect the or that will promote the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat. That means self-sufficient India. And next is and it will enhance India's global strategic influence. So, we can become a trusted partner, a trusted defense partner, a trusted partner in the disaster management. And we can see that you know, through this we can build a strong and deep relations with other countries. And the next is strengthens Indo-Pacific and maritime security. So, we can see that maritime security especially you know, the the Indian Ocean region is very important for India because nearly 70% of the trade volume is passing through this region. And we can see that you know, through cooperating in the field of disaster management, through joint exercise, through technology transfer, you know, we can become a strong sound a strong voice in this region. And next is it will promote diploma defense diplomacy as a foreign policy. So, we are integrating you know, through this military sorry, through this defense diplomacy, we are you know, we can advance our economic interest, national security and also the foreign policy. So, these are the major significance of the Raksha framework. And next challenges before Raksha. So, what are the challenges the Raksha framework is going to face when it comes to implementation. So, the first is geopolitical balancing. That means you know, we are engaging with the other countries in the area of defense. And it is a critical region. Therefore, we have to maintain friendship and at the same time we have to protect our own strategic autonomy and also the the the partner's strategic autonomy. And next is the depends on dependence on foreign technology. That means even though we have attained the we you know, good development in the in the production and manufacturing, still for various equipments we are still depending on other countries. Uh Uh, you know, and this this is the you know, this is the limitation in India's defense diplomacy. And next is limited defense industrial capacity because of, I know, gaps in the research and development, limited private partner partners participation and all. And the next is the trust and interoperability interoperability issues. So, we can see that different countries will have different standards and different doctrines when it comes to their defense diplomacy. So, how we are going to align our Raksha framework with their doctrines and policies, that is going to be a great question. And next is regional security threat. Well, this includes rising tensions in the Indo-Pacific region, maritime disputes, terrorism, and regional conflict. So, we can see that in the recent times the you know, comparing with the conventional threats, we are facing many non-conventional threats like the cyber attack, you know, the financial fraud through digital platforms. And this can be used for for funding terrorists and other organizations which are which are a threat to the national security. And also we can see that one of the objectives of the framework is nothing but engaging with the African countries for defense diplomacy. But we can see that as per the global terrorism index of 2020 25, the Sahel region is the epicenter of terrorism. So, the shift in the epicenter of terrorism, that is also going to be a major challenge. And we can see that the regional countries regional partners like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, you know, Myanmar, these countries are facing a lot of troubles. For example, the military takeover in Myanmar in 2022, the Bangladesh issue in 2024. So, like that you know, this the internal conflict or internal instability in these countries are also going to be a challenge for the Raksha framework. So, these are the major challenges for the Raksha framework. And next is way forward. So, what we can do? So, first is maintain a balance between the strategic autonomy and friendship. That means we should not excessively depend on any one country or any particular zone for the framework. And next is promote co-development and technology transfer. And for that we need to you know shift you know we need to shift from buyer to seller. And for that we have to fill the gaps in the research and development. We have to increase more MSMEs and you know other startups in the defense area. So it will promote the technology defense technology in India. And also it will boost the defense production and capacity of India. And next is strengthen the defense industrial ecosystem. Yes, this includes you know improving like I mentioned improving the research and development you know encouraging the the startups in this area and all. And next is integrated the diplomacy with the defense export. So you know that is using the government to government engagement and the defense diplomacy to open new market for Indian defense product. So this you know this is an this will bring an irreversible benefit for India. That means that once our products reaches the finds new market then the defense diplomacy will be accelerated. So you know that means it is not irreversible but still it will strengthen the defense diplomacy because you know there will be consumers for Indian expertise and Indian technology. And now we are going to see a main practice question. The question is the Raksha framework must be shifted from traditional defense diplomacy towards long term long long term or outcome oriented strategic partnership. Discuss its significance for India's strategic autonomy, defense industrial growth and role as a regional security provider and also examine the challenges in its effective implementation. So the answer for this question is already discussed. So the introduction can be the introduction can be Raksha framework. The Raksha framework can be the introduction. So the Raksha framework can be the introduction and then you have to uh uh you know shortly you have to address how this Raksha framework is different from the traditional framework. So, the traditional framework was mostly depending on what? It was mostly depending on military visit, you know, exercises and all. After that there was no major you know objective behind beyond that. But, this Raksha framework is focusing on long-term result-oriented you know outcome. So, this is a core difference between the traditional framework and the the Raksha framework. And the next is the discuss its significance for strategic autonomy, defense industrial growth, and role as a regional security provider. So, in the in the second page you can talk about the significance. So, what are the significance of this framework? So, what are the they have given the in words strategic autonomy. How it is going to support the strategic autonomy? That means we can become we can develop our own technology, we can attain you know self-sufficiency. And this is how we can maintain our strategic autonomy and next at the same time defense industrial growth. So, how it will support the defense industrial growth? We can shift from buyer to co-producer and co-manufacturer. So, that is that you know that will support and at the same time you know we can you know we can promote our own technology. So, that will support the industrial growth. And at the same time exchange all the technology the technological transfer that will also support the industrial growth. And role as the regional provider. How we can you know position ourselves as a regional provider? Because we can you know protect the maritime security of the the countries in the Indian Ocean and Indo-Pacific region. And at the same time we can you know transfer technology to these countries for their security. So, this and also we can we can we can become the first responder during the time of disaster. And in the in the last page, you can talk about the challenges. What are the major challenges we have just now we have discussed that is maintaining the balance between the strategic autonomy and friendship. And at the same time changing nature of the threat. And also you know, the the different standards in different countries, the different policies, military policies and defense policies in different countries. So, these are the challenges. You have to write at least five. And next and finally you can give the way forward. That's what we have discussed in the previous slide. So, using this hints try to answer the question posted in the comment section. We will review and we will reply for your answer. Now it's time to move to the prelims focus for the day. Coming to the prelims focus for the day, the first topic is megalithic site at the Krishnagiri. So, recently we have discovered megalithic burial complex at the Krishnagiri district in Tamil Nadu. So, what are the major findings? We have found burial layout like a dolmen and a cist burial. So, dolmen burial means it will look like this. These are the you know, stone burials. So, you know, two stones will be there and above this on the top of the two stones there will be one major stone. And that is the dolmen. And the second is cist. Cist is the type of you know, circular burial. And here the burial will be there and the surrounding this burials rocks will be there. So, this is the cist burial. So, these are the burial layout that we can see in the megalithic age. So, we know that megalithic age is a age that marks the you know, the presence of huge burial complex. And we have currently discovered this from the Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu. And we have also found certain Neolithic findings like polished stone celt, top stone objects and also clay figurines. And another major feature is the polishing groove. So, we have found a boulder with a three groove you know, this is indicating the attempt to polish the stone. But you know, we know that grooves are nothing but a long cut or you know long cuts on wood or stone. So, we can from this we can understand. So, we have already identified a boulder with a three grooves. So, this is indicating there was an attempt to by the people in the past to polish the stone tool. And a historical continuity, so we can see that this region hosted nearly 200 plus megalithic site and also some rock art. And talking about megalithic age, so it is a prehistoric era that marks the presence of huge burial complex. And sometimes it can overlap with the other ages and also sometimes it can remind us a contemporary of other ages. And the next is the Neolithic age which means you know new stone age. So, we know that the the new stone age, you know, marks the the beginning of a settled life, agriculture and also domestication of animal. And in the case of you know Indian history, the first agricultural society emerged in Mehrgarh in the which is currently located in the present day Pakistan. Okay. And the next topic is bomb H24 next generation rocket fuel. So, now the research team from DRDO and the University of Hyderabad secured the patent for next generation solid rocket propellant. And who are the inventors? M Hanumantha Rao and M Krishnamurthy from DRDO University of Hyderabad research team, they only invented the next generation rocket solid rocket propellant which is the bomb H24. And what is the composition of the fuel? Boron, hydrogen and nitrogen. So, that is the short is the bomb H24. And features, so what are the major features? Strong chemical and thermal stability, impact and friction resistance. And the performance, so it has high specific impulse, low ignition delay and non you know hydro hydroscopic. And the next is collaboration. So, this is indicating the the need for you know defense academy at I so we can see that two teams are involved the research team from DRDO and the the University of Hyderabad. So, this is indicating the significance or the benefit that we are going to get if we you know if there is a collaboration between the academia and the the the government authorities. And next is Lahore. Shanghai Corporation Organization cultural so the Lahore got you know Lahore became the the the cultural capital that is the Shanghai Corporation Organization tourism and cultural capital for the year 2026-27 and this was decided at a Bishkek Bishkek summit which is you know in Kyrgyzstan. And we can see that this title this cultural capital title you know it will rotate among the members. So, the previous capitals were Varanasi for the year 2022-23 Almaty and the King Dao and Cholpon-Ata. So, these were the previous cultural capitals. So, this title will rotate. And talking about presidency so Pakistan assumed the SCO presidency in 2026. And what is the theme? Turning vision into action, connectivity, innovation and shared prosperity. And talking about SCO so we know that Shanghai Corporation Organization it is a regional you know multilateral forum and it is headquartered in Beijing and it was founded in 2001 and currently it has 12 sorry 10 member states including India. And the significance so it strengthens the tourism and cultural cooperation among Eurasian region. So, that's all about the the the the prelims focus and now we are going to see the prelims practice question. The question is recently Lahore was named the SCO tourism and cultural capital for 2026-27. Consider the following statement. The statement one SEO is headquartered in Beijing, China and statement two Varanasi was the first SEO tourism and cultural capital for the year 2022-23. And statement three Pakistan assumed the SEO presidency for the year 2026. And statement four the SEO has eight members and member states Iran and Belarus are observer states. So which of the following statements is or are correct? So we are asking for the correct statement. So do the question and post the correct answer in the comment section. We will look here for that. With this we are coming to the conclusion for today's prelims focus. With this we are coming to the conclusion for today's current affair analysis. If you like the video hit the like button, give your feedbacks as comments and share this content with your friends. And before leaving this channel don't forget to subscribe and also hit the bell icon to receive on time updates from the academy. Thank you for listening to us. Thank you for listening to me. Have a nice day. >> [music]