Video summary
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) stands as one of the most widely ratified environmental treaties in history, originally opened for signature at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and entering into force by late 1993. Alongside agreements to combat desertification and address climate change, it was established under the premise that biodiversity conservation is a common concern of humankind while respecting national sovereignty over biological resources. India ratified this convention in 1994 and subsequently enacted the Biological Diversity Act of 2002 to fulfill its domestic obligations. The treaty rests on three core objectives: conserving ecosystems, species, and genetic resources; ensuring the sustainable use of biodiversity components; and guaranteeing fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, which includes appropriate access and technology transfer for stakeholders.
To operationalize these goals, the CBD established a robust governance structure led by the Conference of the Parties (COP), supported by scientific advisory bodies and financial mechanisms like the Global Environment Facility. The convention also spawned two critical protocols: the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, adopted in 2000 to regulate the transboundary movement of genetically modified organisms through an Advance Informed Agreement procedure, and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing, which came into force in 2014. These instruments provide a legal backbone for managing biosafety risks and ensuring that local communities and indigenous peoples receive fair compensation when their traditional knowledge or genetic resources are utilized, aligning international law with national frameworks like India's Biodiversity Act.
Despite its comprehensive framework, the CBD faced significant challenges during the 2011–2020 Strategic Plan period, where none of the twenty global targets were fully achieved, marking a major setback for biodiversity governance. However, this failure catalyzed the development of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework in 2022, which set more ambitious goals such as protecting thirty percent of land and seas by 2030. India played a pivotal role in this evolution by hosting COP11 in Hyderabad in 2012 and updating its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan in 2024 to align with the new framework, demonstrating an ongoing effort to balance development priorities with biodiversity commitments while protecting traditional knowledge against criticisms of slow decision-making processes.
The ultimate success of the CBD will be tested by whether nations can reverse global biodiversity loss by 2030 under the Kunming-Montreal Framework, a critical moment that depends on overcoming persistent issues like inadequate financing for developing countries and weak monitoring mechanisms. While the convention remains the primary international legal instrument complementing other agreements like Ramsar, its effectiveness relies heavily on translating global targets into effective national actions despite historical hurdles in consensus-based decision-making. As India continues to shape this evolving agenda through updated policies and active participation in diplomatic forums, the world watches closely to see if collective action can finally halt the crisis of species extinction and ecosystem degradation before it is too late.
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Hello I welcome you all once again to my channel
Explore Education I am Dr. Rashmi
Singh Assistant Professor Department of
Education SS Khanna Girls Degree College
University of Allahabad and this time
I am going to discuss with you
a new topic that is Convention on
Biological Diversity which is in your
paper Edu 604 Environmental Education of PG
3rd Semester Education ok so let's
start. However, we have
read the Biological Diversity Act 2002. But the
Convention on Biological Diversity was
next in your syllabus. So this is the
deal happening right here. Talking about its background and
context, the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD) was open for
signature at the Rio Earth Summit on 5 June
1992, entering into force on 29 December
1993. That means, this Rio Summit which
we just read about was signed in 1992 and
came into force from 29th December 1993,
which were one of the three Rio Conventions?
One was UNF Triple C, one was UN
Convention to Combat Desertification 1994
and the third was Convention on Biological
Diversity. These were the three Rio Conventions. It is
one of the most widely ratified
environmental treaties.
Ok? And India also gave its vote to the CBD
Convention on Biological Diversity
in 1994,
signed it and later to
implement this, Biological Diversity
Act 2002 was made to implement your domestic
obligations.
Ok? So it had three core objectives.
Conservation of Biological Diversity
Across Ecosystems, Species and Genetic
Resources. This means that the environmental system,
species and genetic resources will be
conserved and biological
diversity will be protected. Sustainable Use of the
Components of Biological Diversity. The
elements of biodiversity will be
used sustainably. and fair and
equitable sharing of the benefits
arising from the utilization of genetic
resources. And a
fair and equitable share will be given of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources.
Who are stake holders. This includes
appropriate access to genetic resources
and appropriate transfer of relevant
technologies. Ok? So
what were the provisions and concepts? First international law
instrument to recognize
biodiversity conservation as a common
concern of humankind while reaffirming
national sovereign rights over biological
resources. This was the first international law to
recognize that biodiversity
conservation is a common concern of humanity. Isn't it
? And Article Six
requires Parties to develop national
biodiversity strategies and action
plans. Article Six of this says that you should
develop a National Biodiversity Strategy.
Article Eight recognizes and
protects the knowledge innovations and
practices of Indigenous and local
communities. The local communities, their
indigenous knowledge, their innovations and
practices, their knowledge should also be protected and
recognized. and promotes
an ecosystem approach to integrated
management of land, water and living
resources. Ok?
What is the governance structure?
The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the
Convention's governing body meeting roughly every two
years. It is available approximately every two years. It has
a secretariat which is
in Montreal, Canada. The administrator manages the
day-to-day functions of the convention. The
Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical
and Technological Advice provides
scientific guidance. It provides scientific
guidance and also has The Global
Environment Facility, which deals with the Convention's
primary financial mechanism.
Cartagena Protocol on
Biosafety adopted in 200 means
see which protocols are under CVD,
Cartagena Protocol which was
based on biosafety was adopted in 2000, it
came into force from 2003, what it does is it
regulates the trans boundary
movement of living modified organisms,
particularly genetically modified
organisms and what it does is it
establishes the Advance Informed
Agreement (AIA) procedure for importing
LMOs intended for environmental release and
India has also given its award to Cartagena Protocol
in 2003. So this Cartizala
Protocol Biosafety means how can we preserve biodiversity,
genetic resources and genetically modified
organisms
?
Based on this, Nagoya Protocol also came into existence
on access and benefit sharing. It was
adopted in 2010. It came into force in 2014
and this was the third objective of CBD,
Benefit Sharing Pay. What it says is
that you have to obtain informed consent in advance
and develop mutually agreed terms to
access genetic resources. India also
notified it in 2014 and in this
sense it was aligned with the
ABS mechanism of our Biological Diversity Act 2002
which talked about access and benefit sharing
and this provides the international legal backbone for
benefit sharing regimes
worldwide.
This was part of the 20 Targets Across Five Strategic Goals, adopted at COP10 in Japan as part of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 to 2020. What was its function?
What was the purpose? That we understand the underlying causes
of biodiversity loss i.e.
why is biodiversity loss happening? Its causes should be
addressed and the ecosystem and species should be
safe guarded. The
2020 Global Biodiversity Outlook Five
report found that none of the 20 targets were fully achieved, while
partial progress was
made on six. This means that we could not
fully achieve any of the 20 targets,
only a little
progress was made on the sixth. Widely Regarded as a Major
Setback for Global Biodiversity
Governance means that the work that was going on at the global level to
govern biodiversity was a
major setback that we could
not achieve this target. There were global
targets. The Converging Montreal Global
Biodiversity Framework came out in 2022. You
see for yourself. If you can remember it, then remember
it. What is India's CBD framework
? India hosted CBD COP 11
in Hyderabad in 2012. This was
a
significant milestone in biodiversity diplomacy. India's
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action
Plan was most recently updated in 2024
to align with the Cunning Montreal
Framework. That is,
India updated its policy in 2024 by aligning it with the framework of Cunning Montreal.
India Continues to Balance
Biodiversity Commitments with Development
Priorities and Traditional Knowledge
Protection. India is trying to
maintain balance. We should be able to maintain a balance between the
commitment to biodiversity, the
priority of development and the
protection of traditional knowledge, and
you know our Domestic Biological, so Biological Diversity Act was passed in 2002
and this is our primary legal vehicle through which
we are trying
to achieve the obligations of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
And
what are its significance and challenges? Remains the primary
international legal instrument for
biodiversity governance complementing
sites and the Ramsar Convention. Apart from this,
it is criticized that there is slow
consensus based decision making and
historically weak monitoring.
Persistent challenges remain because of
inadequate financing. This means that
developing countries receive insufficient funding
and face difficulties in translating global targets into
effective national action.
Ok?
and Convene's Joe Montreal Framework's
Success by 2030 Will Be a Critical Test
of the CBD's Ability to Reverse the Global
Biodiversity Crisis. Meaning, can we stop the crisis of
loss of biodiversity at the global level
? Can we
do the opposite? Meaning, should we become such that
yes, we have overcome the loss of biodiversity.
So this will be the critical test
that will reveal in 2030
how successful the Cunning Montreal Framework is.
So how many days are there in 2030? 27
is coming. Okay, so the takeaway from this is
that we have three objectives for CBD:
conservation, sustainable use, and
fair benefit sharing. Then
came its Cartagena and Nagaeg protocols.
Give binding legal from the two
biosafety regulation and access benefit
sharing. HE targets were
largely failed from 2010 to 2020. Prepping the more
ambitious monitored cunning montreal
framework 2022. Ok? And India
hosted COP 11. We updated our NBSAP
in 2024 and it is continuing to
shape and implement this
evolving global biodiversity agenda.
Sorry, yes,
the Convention on Biological Diversity was
open for signature. Tell me, we have
read the Rio Summit. It was based on the Stockholm Conference. We have
read this. We have not read the
Johannesburg Summit. It is not in our course right
now. Which of the following is not one of the
CBD's three core objectives - sustainable,
fair. This is not there. This is not the elimination of all
international trade. The Cartagena
protocol adopted under cg cbd
primarily regulates
this is probably see the answer will be found right now. The
Nago Protocol was adopted in 2010.
Who is this for? Legal this maybe access to
genetic. Yes, this is for this.
This is the Aichi Biodiversity Reserve for Genetic Resources.
Not Fully Achieved by Any of the 20
Targets. This was his. Centre piece target
of converting mont popularly known as this is
30*30 not protecting 30% of land
and sea is by 2030 ok its called 30/30
and India hosted COP 11 we have
read this
recognized criticism of this this is
slow consensus based decision making and
B monitoring mechanisms see Rio
summit 1992 elimination of all international
trade in biological resources ok
whose answer is this the other one is D the second one is this
ok I told you this tell me yes yes
sorry yes trans boundary movement of
living modified organisms allosomes ok
this was access to genetic resources this
I told you correctly this is also correct this is also
correct this is also correct yes ok so since we had
read Biological Diversity Act 2002
so Convention on Biological Diversity is
similar to that on the basis of this convention
Biological Diversity Act 2002 has been
made. Ok? So
this paper is going to be a bit lengthy and a bit theoretical.
But if it is like this in your syllabus then
we will have to study like this and we have 3:00
o'clock. Now the topic is Kyoto
Protocol, Paris Agreement and International
Solar Alliance. Only then will your length unit
four end. Ok? So I will
try to finish that too soon and
bring the matter to you. You study, prepare,
write well, get good marks, be successful.
Ok? So, thank you for watching.